Rural–Urban Differences in Dietary Behavior and Obesity: Results of the Riskesdas Study in 10–18-Year-Old Indonesian Children and Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population and Design
2.2. Ethical Considerations
2.3. Socio-Demographic and Dietary Behavior Questionnaire
2.4. Anthropometric Data
2.5. Physical Activity Questionnaire
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Prevalence of Obesity in Rural and Urban Areas
3.2. Sedentary Activity and Dietary Behaviour in Rural and Urban Areas
3.3. Overweight and Obesity Risk in Rural and Urban Areas
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables (Ref vs. Risk) | Overweight and Obese | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rural and Urban (n = 155,645) | Rural (n = 83,820) | Urban (n = 71,825) | |||||
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
Residency | Rural | ref | |||||
Urban | 1.32 *** | 1.28–1.35 | - | - | - | - | |
Gender | Girls | ref | ref | ref | |||
Boys | 1.01 | 0.98–1.04 | 0.97 | 0.93–1.01 | 1.05 * | 1.01–1.10 | |
Age | 15–18 years | ref | ref | ref | |||
10–14 years | 1.06 * | 1.02–1.10 | 1.03 | 0.97–1.08 | 1.10 * | 1.04–1.17 | |
Education level | |||||||
High | ref | ref | ref | ||||
Low (not completed in primary school) | 0.92 * | 0.89–0.96 | 0.93 * | 0.87–0.98 | 0.91 * | 0.86–0.97 | |
Sedentary activity | |||||||
<2 h/day | ref | ref | ref | ||||
2–4 h/day | 1.12 *** | 1.08–1.18 | 1.10 * | 1.03–1.17 | 1.11 * | 1.04–1.19 | |
>4–6 h/day | 1.09 *** | 1.05–1.14 | 1.09 * | 1.03–1.16 | 1.06 | 0.99–1.14 | |
>6–8h/day | 1.09 * | 1.02–1.16 | 1.07 | 0.98–1.18 | 1.05 | 0.95–1.15 | |
>8 h/day | 1.15 *** | 1.08–1.22 | 1.06 | 0.96–1.16 | 1.13 * | 1.04–1.23 | |
Sugar-sweetened beverages and foods | |||||||
<1 time/day | ref | ref | ref | ||||
≥1 time/day | 0.97 | 0.94–1.00 | 0.98 | 0.94–1.02 | 0.95 * | 0.92–0.99 | |
Coffee consumption | <1 time/day | ref | ref | ref | |||
≥1 time/day | 1.01 | 0.96–1.06 | 1.04 | 0.98–1.11 | 0.96 | 0.89–1.03 | |
Caffeinated soft drinks and energy drinks consumption | <1 time/day | ref | ref | ref | |||
≥1 time/day | 1.11 * | 1.03–.19 | 1.10 | 0.99–1.22 | 1.12 * | 1.01–1.23 | |
Fatty fried foods | <1 time/day | ref | ref | ref | |||
≥1 time/day | 1.00 | 0.96–1.03 | 0.96 | 0.92–1.01 | 1.03 | 0.99–1.07 | |
Refined carbohydrate | <1 time/day | ref | ref | ref | |||
≥1 time/day | 1.01 | 0.97–1.05 | 0.98 | 0.92–1.03 | 1.04 | 0.99–1.09 | |
Salty foods | <1 time/day | ref | ref | ref | |||
≥1 time/day | 1.03 | 0.99–1.07 | 1.09 * | 1.04–1.15 | 0.98 | 0.93–1.03 | |
Instant noodle | <1 time/day | ref | ref | ref | |||
≥1 time/day | 0.95 * | 0.91–0.99 | 0.95 | 0.89–1.01 | 0.95 | 0.90–1.01 | |
Preserved meats | <1 time/day | ref | ref | ref | |||
≥1 time/day | 0.95 | 0.89–1.01 | 0.93 | 0.83–1.03 | 0.97 | 0.89–1.06 | |
Grilled foods | <1 time/day | ref | ref | ref | |||
≥1 time/day | 1.19 *** | 1.12–1.26 | 1.32 * | 1.22–1.42 | 1.03 | 0.94–1.14 | |
Vegetables and fruits | ≥5 portion/day | ref | ref | ref | |||
<5 portion/day | 0.92 * | 0.88–0.98 | 0.96 | 0.89–1.04 | 0.90 * | 0.83–0.96 |
Variables | Boys | p-Value | Girls | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rural (n = 43,207) | Urban (n = 36,219) | Rural (n = 40,613) | Urban (n = 35,606) | |||
Sugar-sweetened beverages and foods | ||||||
<1 time/day | 51.2 | 44.0 | <0.0001 | 53.2 | 46.1 | <0.0001 |
≥1 time/day | 48.8 | 56.0 | 46.8 | 53.9 | ||
Coffee consumption | ||||||
<1 time/day | 83.7 | 88.9 | <0.0001 | 90.8 | 94.9 | <0.0001 |
≥1 time/day | 16.3 | 11.1 | 9.2 | 5.1 | ||
Caffeinated soft drinks and energy drinks consumption | ||||||
<1 time/day | 95.6 | 95.0 | <0.0001 | 96.6 | 96.2 | 0.0011 |
≥1 time/day | 4.4 | 5.0 | 3.4 | 3.8 | ||
Fatty fried foods | ||||||
<1 time/day | 70.3 | 62.0 | <0.0001 | 69.3 | 61.2 | <0.0001 |
≥1 time/day | 29.7 | 38.0 | 30.7 | 38.8 | ||
Refined carbohydrate | ||||||
<1 time/day | 84.6 | 76.8 | <0.0001 | 83.2 | 75.9 | <0.0001 |
≥1 time/day | 15.4 | 23.2 | 16.8 | 24.1 | ||
Salty foods | ||||||
<1 time/day | 78.9 | 79.1 | 0.5847 | 78.9 | 78.3 | 0.0536 |
≥1 time/day | 21.1 | 20.9 | 21.1 | 21.7 | ||
Instant noodle | ||||||
<1 time/day | 85.5 | 85.2 | 0.3081 | 85.4 | 85.6 | 0.3937 |
≥1 time/day | 14.5 | 14.8 | 14.6 | 14.4 | ||
Preserved meats | ||||||
<1 time/day | 96.0 | 93.8 | <0.0001 | 95.9 | 93.5 | <0.0001 |
≥1 time/day | 4.0 | 6.2 | 4.1 | 6.5 | ||
Grilled foods | ||||||
<1 time/day | 92.8 | 95.1 | <0.0001 | 93.1 | 94.9 | <0.0001 |
≥1 time/day | 7.2 | 4.9 | 6.9 | 5.1 | ||
Vegetables and fruits | ||||||
≥5 portion/day | 6.7 | 7.4 | 0.0001 | 6.8 | 7.0 | 0.2831 |
<5 portion/day | 93.3 | 92.6 | 93.2 | 93.0 |
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Nurwanti, E.; Hadi, H.; Chang, J.-S.; Chao, J.C.-J.; Paramashanti, B.A.; Gittelsohn, J.; Bai, C.-H. Rural–Urban Differences in Dietary Behavior and Obesity: Results of the Riskesdas Study in 10–18-Year-Old Indonesian Children and Adolescents. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2813. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112813
Nurwanti E, Hadi H, Chang J-S, Chao JC-J, Paramashanti BA, Gittelsohn J, Bai C-H. Rural–Urban Differences in Dietary Behavior and Obesity: Results of the Riskesdas Study in 10–18-Year-Old Indonesian Children and Adolescents. Nutrients. 2019; 11(11):2813. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112813
Chicago/Turabian StyleNurwanti, Esti, Hamam Hadi, Jung-Su Chang, Jane C.-J. Chao, Bunga Astria Paramashanti, Joel Gittelsohn, and Chyi-Huey Bai. 2019. "Rural–Urban Differences in Dietary Behavior and Obesity: Results of the Riskesdas Study in 10–18-Year-Old Indonesian Children and Adolescents" Nutrients 11, no. 11: 2813. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112813