β2 Adrenergic Regulation of the Phagocytic and Microbicide Capacity of Macrophages from Obese and Lean Mice: Effects of Exercise
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Animals and Experimental Design
2.2. Exercise
2.3. Anaesthesia
2.4. Collection of Biological Samples, Cell Culture, and Incubation
2.5. Phagocytic and Oxidative Burst Assays via Flow Cytometer
2.6. β2-Adrenergic Receptor Expression Assays via Flow Cytometer
2.7. Flow Cytometry Assays
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Body Weight, Dietary Intake, and Fasting Blood Glucose and Lipid Profile. Effect of Exercise
3.2. Effect of β2-Adrenergic Activation by Terbutaline on the Phagocytic and Microbicide Capacities of Peritoneal Macrophages from Lean and Obese Mice
3.3. Effect of Exercise in the β2-Adrenergic Regulation of the Phagocytic Capacity of Peritoneal Macrophages from Obese and Lean Mice
3.4. Effect of Obesity and Exercise in the β2-Adrenergic Receptor Expression in Peritoneal Macrophages
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The β2-AR agonist terbutaline decreases the phagocytic and microbicide capacities of peritoneal macrophages in sedentary animals, and obesity does not alter this β2-AR neuroimmunomodulation of macrophages.
- Regular exercise causes an adaptation in the response of peritoneal macrophages to the β2-AR agonist terbutaline, by inducing a stimulatory effect in the innate response of macrophages. Obesity seems to hinder this immunophysiological adaptation to regular exercise. This effect is contrary to those produced in both sedentary and acute exercise lean and obese animals.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lean | Obese | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sedentary | Acute Exercise | Trained | Sedentary | Acute Exercise | Trained | |
Body Weight (g) | 29.3 ± 1.2 | 30.5 ± 2 | 25.6 ± 1 * | 42.3 ± 1.15 • | 39.8 ± 2 | 36.0 ± 3.0 * |
Dietary Intake (g/day) | 4.0 ± 0.1 | 4.2 ± 0.1 | 4.1 ± 0.1 | 2.7 ± 0.1 • | 2.6 ± 0.1 | 2.5 ± 0.03 * |
Energy Intake (Kj/day) | 55.32 ± 3.1 | 58.2 ± 1.4 | 56.6 ± 0.9 | 62.01 ± 2.7 • | 60.5 ± 1.9 | 57.6 ± 0.7 * |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 218.9 ± 13.2 | 17 4± 32 * | 196.4 ± 25 | 311 ± 31 • | 222.7 ± 23 * | 282.5 ± 28 |
Cholesterol (mg/dL) | ||||||
Total Cholesterol | 103.7 ± 2.2 | <99 † | 106.7 ± 3 | 172.7 ± 19 • | 175 ± 42 | 178.1 ± 25 |
HDL-C | 42.1 ± 2.9 | 51.7 ± 4 * | 59.7 ± 5.7 • | 55.5 ± 3 | 75.3 ± 4 * | |
cLDL-C | 50.7 ± 3.5 | 88.0 ± 0 | 39.4 ± 2 * | 88.8 ± 16 • | 78 ± 12 | 38.5 ± 1 * |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 86.8 ± 1.9 | 88.0 ± 0 | 76.6 ± 1 * | 91.5 ± 2 • | 98.7 ± 7 | 80 ± 1 * |
Control | Terbutaline | Terbutaline + Butaxamine | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Phagocytic percentage | lean | 85.3 ± 4 | 79.6 ± 3 * | 80.2 ± 4 |
obese | 77.6 ± 5 | 71.9 ± 3 * | 78.3 ± 4 • | |
Microbicide percentage | lean | 65.8 ± 7 | 64.9 ± 7 | 64.2 ± 8 |
obese | 73.1 ± 8 | 67.6 ± 8 * | 67.7 ± 8 |
Sedentary | Acute Exercise | Trained | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Terbutaline | Control | Terbutaline | Control | Terbutaline | ||
Phagocytic percentage | lean | 85.3 ± 4 | 79.6 ± 3 * | 61.9 ± 5 • | 57.4 ± 6 * | 68.6 ± 11 | 67.9 ± 10 |
obese | 77.6 ± 5 | 71.9 ± 3 * | 64.9 ± 1 • | 61.6 ± 2 * | 65.4 ± 1 | 65.7 ± 11 | |
Microbicide percentage | lean | 65.8 ± 7 | 64.9 ± 7 | 57.7 ± 2 | 54.3 ± 15 | 71.7 ± 5 | 71.8 ± 6 |
obese | 73.1 ± 8 | 67.6 ± 8 * | 74.8 ± 7 | 65.1 ± 5 * | 62.1 ± 6 | 61.9 ± 7 |
Without Terbutaline | With Terbutaline | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sedentary | Acute Exercise | Trained | |||
Phagocytic percentage | lean | 100 | 93.5 ± 2 | 92.4 ± 2 | 99.1 ± 3 • |
obese | 100 | 93.3 ± 3 | 94.9 ± 3 | 100.5 ± 2 • | |
Microbicide percentage | lean | 100 | 98.2 ± 4 | 93.3 ± 3 | 100.5 ± 4 |
obese | 100 | 91.1 ± 4 | 87.5 ± 4 | 99.2 ± 3 • |
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Martín-Cordero, L.; Gálvez, I.; Hinchado, M.D.; Ortega, E. β2 Adrenergic Regulation of the Phagocytic and Microbicide Capacity of Macrophages from Obese and Lean Mice: Effects of Exercise. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2721. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112721
Martín-Cordero L, Gálvez I, Hinchado MD, Ortega E. β2 Adrenergic Regulation of the Phagocytic and Microbicide Capacity of Macrophages from Obese and Lean Mice: Effects of Exercise. Nutrients. 2019; 11(11):2721. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112721
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartín-Cordero, Leticia, Isabel Gálvez, María Dolores Hinchado, and Eduardo Ortega. 2019. "β2 Adrenergic Regulation of the Phagocytic and Microbicide Capacity of Macrophages from Obese and Lean Mice: Effects of Exercise" Nutrients 11, no. 11: 2721. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112721