Relationship of Excess Weight with Clinical Activity and Dietary Intake Deficiencies in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Ethical Considerations
2.3. Anthropometric Measurements
2.4. Biochemical Measurements and Definitions
2.5. Nutritional Assessment
2.6. Energy, Nutritional Requirements and References Classification
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Value |
---|---|
Age (years) a | 40.6 ± 12.6 |
Time of evolution (years) b | 7.6 (1–22) |
SLICC b | 0 (0–4) |
Mex-SLEDAI b | 0 (0–8) |
Remission (<2) c | 65.6 (84/128) |
Activity (≥2) c | 34.4 (43/128) |
Antibodies (positive) | |
Antinuclear (ANAs) c | 76.7 (89/116) |
Anti-double stranded DNA (Anti-dsDNA) c | 73.5 (25/34) |
Anti-La c | 13.3 (2/15) |
Anti-Ro c | 12.5 (2/16) |
Treatment prevalence% (n) | |
Prednisone c | 57.7 (75/130) |
Chloroquine c | 51.5 (67/130) |
Hydroxychloroquine c | 44.3 (27/61) |
Azathioprine c | 39.2 (51/130) |
Mycophenolic acid c | 30.8 (40/130) |
Clinical chemistry | |
Glucose (mg/dL) b | 88 (70.4–130.3) |
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) b | 168.7 (113.4–249.5) |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) b | 122.7 (51.1–245.8) |
LDL-C (mg/dL) b | 73.8 (45.9–128.7) |
HDL-C (mg/dL) b | 28.2 (13.1–61.7) |
Blood pressure | |
Systolic (mmHg) b | 111 (90–141) |
Diastolic (mmHg) b | 74 (60–91) |
Nutritional status | |
Height (cm) a | 158 ± 0.06 |
Weight (kg) b | 67.6 (50.4–95.9) |
BMI (kg/m2) a | 27.9 ± 5.34 |
BMI classification | |
Low weight (<18.5) c | 3.08 (4/130) |
Normal weight (18.5–24.9) c | 26.92 (35/130) |
Overweight (25–29.9) c | 38.46 (50/130) |
Obese (>30) c | 31.54 (41/130) |
Variable | BMI < 25 kg/m2 (n = 39) | BMI > 25 kg/m2 (n = 91) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) a | 35.10 ± 1.72 | 42.26 ± 1.30 | 0.999 |
Mex-SLEDAI c | 0 (0–6) | 2 (0–10) | 0.003 |
Mex-SLEDAI % (n) | 0.039 | ||
Remission (<2) b | 78.4 (29/37) | 59.1 (52/88) | |
Activity (≥2) b | 21.6 (8/37) | 40.9 (36/88) | |
Blood pressure | |||
Systolic (mmHg) c | 110 (90–139) | 113 (100–143) | 0.028 |
Diastolic (mmHg) c | 71.5 (60–90) | 77 (64–97) | 0.043 |
Blood pressure (SBP/DBP mmHg) % (n) | 0.354 | ||
Normal (<130/<85) b | 82.1 (23/28) | 61.3 (19/31) | |
Normal high (130–139/85–89) b | 10.7 (3/28) | 16.1 (5/31) | |
AH systolic (140–149/<90) b | 7.1 (2/28) | 12.9 (4/31) | |
AH grade 1 (140–159/90–99) b | 0 (0/28) | 6.4 (2/31) | |
AH grade 2 (160–179/100–109) b | 0 (0/28) | 0 (0/31) | |
AH grade 3 (≥180/≥110) b | 0 (0/28) | 3.2 (1/31) | |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 85.55 (65.82–98.76) | 90.08 (70.4–132.95) | 0.045 |
Glucose classification (% n) | 0.006 | ||
Normal (<100 mg/dL) b | 97.1 (34/35) | 71.1 (59/83) | |
Prediabetes (100–125 mg/dL) b | 2.9 (1/35) | 20.5 (17/83) | |
Diabetes (>126 mg/dL) b | 0 (0/35) | 8.4 (7/83) | |
Lipid profile | |||
Triglycerides (mg/dL) c | 98.42 (45.5–168.6) | 125.7 (57.7–260.6) | 0.0007 |
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL )c | 159.5 (112–240.7) | 175 (117.02–250.8) | 0.077 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) c | 79.74 (47.85–128.7) | 72.4 (41.3–130.7) | 0.215 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) c | 38.2 (15.94–66.7) | 25.8 (12.8–54.4) | 0.0009 |
Nutrient | Intake (U/day) | Recommended Intake * |
---|---|---|
Energy (calories) a | 1543 ± 407 | 1563 (1358–1963) |
Dietary fiber (g) b | 21.6 (10.7–39.9) | 30 |
Macronutrients | ||
Carbohydrates (g) a | 204 ± 55.5 | 230 (200–289) |
Added sugars (g) a | 14.8 (0.53–59.7) | 38.2 ± 10 |
Proteins (g) b | 62.8 (37.6–105) | 68.3 (59.4–85.9) |
Total fat (g) b | 45.5 (28.3–95.7) | 47.7 (41.5–59.9) |
Saturated (g) b | 14.5 (7.02–26.6) | 11.9 (10.4–15) |
Monounsaturated (g) b | 13.7 (8.20–30.1) | 25.9 (22.5–32.5) |
Polyunsaturated (g) b | 9.4 (4.81–19.9) | 13.9 (12.1–17.4) |
Trans (g) b | 0.47 (0.05–0.99) | 1.72 (1.49–2.16) |
Cholesterol (mg) b | 157.7 (59.7–373.6) | <300 **** |
Omega 3 fatty acids (g) b | 0.57 (0.33–2.38) | 2.6 (2.26–3.27) |
Omega 6 fatty acids (g) b | 7.37 (4.04–17.3) | 11.3 (9.81–14.2) |
Vitamins | ||
Vitamin A (μg RE) b | 485.5 (123.7–2057) | 568 |
Vitamin C (mg) b | 111.4 (12.3–324.9) | 60 |
Vitamin D (μg) b | 3 (0.38–9.36) | 5.6 |
Vitamin E (mg) b | 0.9 (0.04–3.83) | 11 |
Thiamin (mg) a | 1.10 ± 0.39 | 0.8 |
Riboflavin (mg) b | 1.14 (0.52–2.38) | 0.84 |
Niacin (mg) b | 13.9 (7.87–23.3) | 11 |
Vitamin B6 (mg) b | 1.5 (0.65–2.48) | 0.93 |
Folic acid (μg) b | 228.2 (111.7–426.8) | 380 |
Vitamin B12 (μg) b | 2.55 (1.04–6.77) | 2.1 |
Biotin (μg) b | 11.5 (2.14–28.7) | 30 *** |
Pantothenic acid (mg) b | 2.91 (1.26–5.96) | 4 |
Vitamin K (μg) b | 33.2 (12.1–149.9) | 78 |
Minerals | ||
Sodium (mg) b | 1695.7 (913.8–3595.7) | 1600 ** |
Potassium (mg) b | 2210.4 (1079.7–3909.6) | 3500 *** |
Calcium (mg) b | 740.7 (346.5–1485.8) | 900 |
Phosphorus (mg) b | 1109.2 (674.4–1989.4) | 664 |
Iron (mg) b | 10 (6.33–16.2) | 17 |
Magnesium (mg) a | 292 ± 93.6 | 248 |
Zinc (mg) a | 8.5 ± 2.75 | 10 |
Selenium (µg) b | 67.7 (34.4–123.1) | 41 |
Copper (mg) b | 1.20 (0.63–2.18) | 0.65 |
Iodine (μg) b | 0.6 (0–61.2) | 99 |
Variable | BMI < 25 kg/m2 (n = 39) | BMI > 25 kg/m2 (n = 91) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Energy (calories) a | 1672.6 ± 73.24 | 1429.9 ± 69.8 | 0.009 |
Dietary fiber (g) b | 22.54 (11.9–34.9) | 19.6 (10.4–43.5) | 0.230 |
Macronutrients | |||
Carbohydrates (g) a | 212.3 ± 9.65 | 197.15±10.43 | 0.147 |
Added sugars (g) a | 15.4 (0–50.6) | 14.7 (1.06–90.9) | 0.289 |
Proteins (g) b | 72.2 (38.1–107.2) | 52.9 (31.7–98.8) | 0.012 |
Total fat (g) b | 52.9 (27.5–115.3) | 41.1 (29.1–87.0) | 0.023 |
Saturated (g) b | 18.2 (7.12–30.7) | 11.9 (6.92–25.0) | 0.015 |
Monounsaturated (g) b | 15.7 (8.72–31.1) | 12.2 (8.14–28.9) | 0.033 |
Polyunsaturated (g) b | 10.7 (4.71–26.3) | 8.40 (4.91–18.8) | 0.112 |
Trans (g) b | 0.49 (0.07–0.97) | 0.42 (0.03–1.84) | 0.882 |
Cholesterol (mg) b | 192.6 (52.9–414.6) | 135.1 (60.9–271.2) | 0.045 |
Omega 3 fatty acids (g) b | 0.68 (0.39–1.32) | 0.57 (0.33–2.53) | 0.292 |
Omega 6 fatty acids (g) b | 8.69 (2.49–21.57) | 6.71 (3.97–17.0) | 0.153 |
Vitamins | |||
Vitamin A (μg RE) b | 566.8(199.2–1455.9) | 371.5 (57.5–2170.6) | 0.486 |
Vitamin C (mg) b | 121.5 (36.3–253.4) | 90.36 (4.35–345.1) | 0.254 |
Vitamin D (μg) b | 3.61 (0.92–9.28) | 2.83 (0.33–9.44) | 0.407 |
Vitamin E (mg) b | 0.94 (0.04–3.71) | 0.87 (0.05–4.59) | 0.824 |
Thiamin (mg) a | 1.17 ± 0.06 | 1.03 ± 0.07 | 0.093 |
Riboflavin (mg) b | 1.21 (0.85–2.44) | 1.04 (0.48–2.33) | 0.039 |
Niacin (mg) b | 14.9 (8.51–21.1) | 12.5 (7.66–23.5) | 0.016 |
Vitamin B6 (mg) b | 1.66 (0.77–2.30) | 1.22 (0.63–2.53) | 0.017 |
Folic acid (μg) b | 257.1 (127.5–415.9) | 219.1 (74.3–437.7) | 0.182 |
Vitamin B12 (μg) b | 2.80 (1.04–5.66) | 2.28 (1.05–8.94) | 0.123 |
Biotin (μg) b | 13.1 (2.35–35.7) | 9.34 (2.10–25.7) | 0.230 |
Pantothenic acid (mg) b | 3.27 (1.24–5.93) | 2.51 (1.28–5.99) | 0.029 |
Vitamin K (μg) b | 36.8 (13.2–130.6) | 30.6 (11.1–169.6) | 0.614 |
Minerals | |||
Sodium (mg) b | 2005 (1113–4606) | 1603 (773–3449) | 0.041 |
Potassium (mg) b | 2414 (1117–3921) | 1912 (1055–3899) | 0.016 |
Calcium (mg) b | 750 (365–1469) | 669 (332–1502) | 0.213 |
Phosphorus (mg) b | 1228 (680–1946) | 1049 (669–2033) | 0.086 |
Iron (mg) b | 10.4 (7.12–15.6) | 9.42 (5.77–16.7) | 0.286 |
Magnesium (mg) a | 309.20 ± 17.6 | 276.9 ± 16.4 | 0.093 |
Zinc (mg) a | 9.23 ± 0.54 | 7.84 ± 0.44 | 0.025 |
Selenium (µg) b | 75.7 (39.9–152.5) | 63.3 (31.4–103.8) | 0.007 |
Copper (mg) b | 1.27 (0.69–1.74) | 1.01 (0.57–2.65) | 0.208 |
Iodine (μg) b | 1.19 (0–84) | 0 (0–11.7) | 0.021 |
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Meza-Meza, M.R.; Vizmanos-Lamotte, B.; Muñoz-Valle, J.F.; Parra-Rojas, I.; Garaulet, M.; Campos-López, B.; Montoya-Buelna, M.; Cerpa-Cruz, S.; Martínez-López, E.; Oregon-Romero, E.; et al. Relationship of Excess Weight with Clinical Activity and Dietary Intake Deficiencies in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2683. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112683
Meza-Meza MR, Vizmanos-Lamotte B, Muñoz-Valle JF, Parra-Rojas I, Garaulet M, Campos-López B, Montoya-Buelna M, Cerpa-Cruz S, Martínez-López E, Oregon-Romero E, et al. Relationship of Excess Weight with Clinical Activity and Dietary Intake Deficiencies in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients. Nutrients. 2019; 11(11):2683. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112683
Chicago/Turabian StyleMeza-Meza, Mónica R., Barbara Vizmanos-Lamotte, José Francisco Muñoz-Valle, Isela Parra-Rojas, Marta Garaulet, Bertha Campos-López, Margarita Montoya-Buelna, Sergio Cerpa-Cruz, Erika Martínez-López, Edith Oregon-Romero, and et al. 2019. "Relationship of Excess Weight with Clinical Activity and Dietary Intake Deficiencies in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients" Nutrients 11, no. 11: 2683. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112683