Protective Effects of Probiotic Consumption in Cardiovascular Disease in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Gut Microbiota and SLE
2.1. Dysbiosis in SLE Patients
2.2. Dysbiosis in SLE Mice
2.3. Gut Dysbiosis in Lupus Is Linked to Leaky Gut, Changes in Immune Cell Populations, and Cardiovascular Complications
3. SLE and Probiotics
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Patients | Ratio F/B | α-Diversity | Phylum | Family | Genus | Species | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women C 49.2 ± 10.7 years 20 patients | ↓F/B | No change | ↓Firmicutes ↓Tenericutes ↑Bacteroidetes | ↓Lachnospiraceae ↓Ruminococcaceae | [18] | ||
Women A 46.0 ± 1.8 years 35 patients | ↓F/B | ↓PD_whole_ tree ↓Observed species | ↓Firmicutes ↑Bacteroidetes ↑Actinobacteria ↑Proteobacteria ↑Fusobacteria | ↑Bacteroidaceae ↑Prevotellaceae ↑Rikenellaceae | ↓Pseudobutyvibrio ↓Dialister ↓Bifidobacterium ↑Rhodococcus ↑Eggerthella ↑Klebsiella ↑Prevotella ↑Flavonifractor ↑Eubacterium | [24] | |
Women A 37.46 ± 14.17 years 40 patients | ↓F/B | ↓Chao Richness ↓PD_whole_ tree ↓Observed species | ↓Tenericutes | ↑Streptococcaceae ↑Lactobacillaceae ↑Megasphaera | ↓Mollicutes ↓RF39 ↓Faecalobacteriu, ↓Cryptophyta ↓Roseburia | ↑Streptococcus anginosus ↑Lactobacillus mucosae ↑Veinella dispar | [25] |
Women 3 AA (42.33 ± 13.39 years), 7 C (49.42 ± 8.51 years) Men 3 C (33 ± 6.57 years) 1 AA (29) 14 patients | Not change | ↑Proteobacteria | ↑Blautia | [26] | |||
Women 10 C (38.3 ± 4.32 years) 13A (38.3 ± 4.32 years) 16 AA (46.69 ± 4.33 years) 19 WH (44.84 ± 3.5 years) 3 BH (43 ± 9.57 years) 61 patients | ↓Chao Richness | ↓Ruminococcaceae | ↑Blautia | ↓Ruminococcus gnavus ↓Bacteroides uniformis | [27] |
Ratio F/B | α-Diversity | Phylum | Family | Genus | Species | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NZB/WF1 | ↓F/Bor no change | ↑α-diversity or no change | ↓Firmicutes ↑Bacteroidetes | Pre-SLE ↓Bifidobacterium ↑Lactobacillus ↓Lactobacillus High severity ↓Anerostipes | [26] [28] [29] [30] | ||
MRL/lpr | ↓F/Bor no change | ↑α-diversityor no change | ↓Firmicutes ↑Bacteroidetes | ↓Lactobacillaceae ↑Rikenellaceae ↑Desulfovibrionacea ↑Ruminococcaceae ↑Lachnospiraceae ↑Streptococcaceae | ↓Lactobacillus ↓Bifidobacterium ↑Tenericutes ↑Mollicutes ↑Butyrivibrio ↑Roseburia | [19] [26] [28] [30] | |
SNF1 | ↓F/Bor no change | ↑α-diversity | ↓Firmicutes ↑Bacteroidetes | ↑Rikenellaceae ↑Lachnospiraceae | Pre-SLE ↓Lactobacillus SLE ↑Lactobacillus ↑Clostridium ↑Dehalobacterium ↑Oscillospira ↑Dorea ↑Bilophila | [1] [26] | |
TLR-7.1 | ↓F/B | ↑α-diversity | ↓Firmicutes ↑Bacteroidetes | ↓Clostridaceae ↑Coriobacteriaceae ↑Rikenallecea | ↓Turicibacter ↓Bifidobacterium ↓Coprobacillus ↓Anaerostipes ↑Prevotella ↑Desulfovibrio | ↑Lactobacillus reuteri | [31] |
Probiotic | Model | Observed Effects | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis PTCC 1743 | Pristane-induced murine model | ↓Th17 ↓IL-17a ↓Th1 ↓IFN-γ | [61] |
Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 9595 | Pristane-induced murine model | ↓RORγ ↓Th17 ↓Th1 ↓IFN-γ | [61] |
Ruminococcus obeum DSM25238 | In vitro | ↓Th17/Th1 ratio | [35] |
Blautia coccoides DSM935 | In vitro | ↓Th17/Th1 ratio | [35] |
Lactobacillus reuteri GMNL 263 | NZB/W F1 | ↑FoxP3 ↑Treg ↓TLR-4 ↓TLR-5 ↓TLR-7 ↓TLR-9 | [62] |
↓IL-1β ↓TNF-α ↓IL-6 | [63] | ||
Bifidobacterium bifidum LMG13195 | In vitro | ↓T lymphocytes activation | [35] |
Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 | NZB/W F1 | ↓B and T lymphocytes↓IL-17a ↓IFN-γ ↓TNF-α ↓IL-21 | [29] |
Lactobacillus reuteri GMNL 89 | NZB/W F1 | ↓TLR-4 ↓TLR-5 ↓TLR-7 ↓TLR-9 | [62] |
↓IL-1β ↓TNF-α ↓IL-6 | [48] | ||
Lactobacillus paracasei GMNL 32 | NZB/W F1 | ↓TLR-4 ↓TLR-5 ↓TLR-7 ↓TLR-9 | [62] |
↓IL-1β ↓TNF-α ↓IL-6 | [63] |
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de la Visitación, N.; Robles-Vera, I.; Toral, M.; Duarte, J. Protective Effects of Probiotic Consumption in Cardiovascular Disease in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2676. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112676
de la Visitación N, Robles-Vera I, Toral M, Duarte J. Protective Effects of Probiotic Consumption in Cardiovascular Disease in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Nutrients. 2019; 11(11):2676. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112676
Chicago/Turabian Stylede la Visitación, Néstor, Iñaki Robles-Vera, Marta Toral, and Juan Duarte. 2019. "Protective Effects of Probiotic Consumption in Cardiovascular Disease in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus" Nutrients 11, no. 11: 2676. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112676