GIS-Based Groundwater Potential Assessment in Varied Topographic Areas of Mianyang City, Southwestern China, Using AHP
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Evaluation Method
2.2.1. Weighting Method and Overlay Analysis
2.2.2. Validation
2.3. Data
2.3.1. Data Description
2.3.2. Factor Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Multicollinear Analysis
3.2. Groundwater Potential Map
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Stratum | Abbreviation | Description |
---|---|---|
Quaternary Holocene modern fluvial alluvium | Sand and gravel. | |
Quaternary Holocene floodplain terrace | Clayey sand and sandy pebble alluvium. | |
Quaternary Holocene deluvial and alluvial deposits | Deluvial and alluvial deposits. | |
Quaternary Middle Pleistocene Ya’an formation | Alluvium and diluvium of clay and gravel pebbles. | |
Lianhuakou formation of Upper Jurassic | Deposition of conglomerate, sandstone, and mudstone. The bottom is often a very thick gravel layer. | |
Suining formation of Middle Jurassic | Mudstone, argillaceous siltstone, sandstone, marl, and conglomerate. | |
Shaximiao formation of Middle Jurassic | ||
Qianfoyan formation of Middle Jurassic | ||
Lower part of Xujiahe formation of Upper Triassic | Sandstone, siltstone, and shale. | |
Tianjingshan formation of Middle Triassic | The upper limestone is intercalated with dolomitic limestone and calcareous dolomite, and the lower dolomite is intercalated with limestone, dolomitic limestone, and argillaceous dolomite. | |
Jialingjiang formation and Leikoupo formation of Middle Triassic | ||
Feixianguan formation and Tongjiezi formation of Lower Triassic | The upper part is shale and argillaceous limestone; the lower part is interbedded with mudstone and siltstone; the bottom is limestone. The middle and upper parts are argillaceous strata. | |
Upper Permian | Limestone intercalated with carbonaceous shale and calcareous shale. | |
Lower Permian | ||
Huanglong group and Chuanshan group of Upper and Middle Carboniferous | Limestone, intercalated with shale and iron sandstone at the lower part. | |
Zongchanggou group of Lower Carboniferous | ||
Tangwangzhai group of Upper Devonian | Dolomite intercalated with limestone and dolomitic limestone. | |
Guanwushan formation, Baishipu group, Middle Devonian | Limestone, sandy limestone, and sand shale. | |
Yangmaba formation, Baishipu group, Middle Devonian | ||
Ganxi formation, Baishipu group, Middle Devonian | Upper siltstone, quartz sandstone, shale intercalated with argillaceous limestone and limestone. The lower quartzite sandstone is intercalated with siltstone and carbonaceous shale. | |
Pingyipu group of Lower Devonian | ||
The first part of the third subgroup, Maoxian group, Upper and Middle Silurian | Sericite phyllite, sandstone, slate with limestone. | |
The second subgroup of Maoxian group, Upper and Middle Silurian | Sandy limestone, limestone, phyllite, sandstone. | |
The first subgroup of Maoxian group, Upper and Middle Silurian | Shale intercalated with limestone and phyllite. | |
Luojiaping group and Shamao group of Upper and Middle Silurian system | Shale mixed with sandstone and limestone. | |
Longmaxi group of Lower Silurian | Carbonaceous slate and siliceous rock. | |
Baota formation of Middle Ordovician | Marl, argillaceous limestone, limestone. | |
Qingping formation of Lower Cambrian | Siltstone, siliceous rock, phosphorous marl, and phosphorous limestone. | |
Qiujiahe formation of Upper Sinian | Shale, siliceous rock, dolomite, and limestone. | |
Diabase dyke | ||
Unexplored strata at rivers or lakes | unknown |
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Scale | Degree of Preference | Description |
---|---|---|
1 | Equally | When two parameters contribute equally to the objective |
2 | Intermediate | Preference between 1 and 3 |
3 | Moderately | The judgment slightly to-moderately favor one parameter |
4 | Intermediate | Preference between 3 and 5 |
5 | Strongly | The judgment strongly or essentially favors one parameter |
6 | Intermediate | Preference between 5 and 7 |
7 | Very strongly | Very strong preference or importance |
8 | Intermediate | Preference between 7 and 9 |
9 | Extremely | Quite preferred or quite important |
Order of the Matrix | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RCI | 0 | 0 | 0.58 | 0.90 | 1.12 | 1.24 | 1.32 | 1.41 | 1.45 |
Category | Factor | Source Data | Data Precision |
---|---|---|---|
Geology | Rock | Geological Map | 1:200,000 |
Fault density | |||
Topography | Slope | ASTER-GDEM V2 | 30 m |
Drainage density | |||
Convergence index | |||
Hydrology | Rainfall | GSMaP | 0.1° × 0.1° |
Distance from rivers | Open Street Map | ||
Indicators | Enhanced vegetation index | Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer | 250 m |
Spring index | Hydrogeological Map | 1:200,000 |
Factor | Description | Characteristics |
---|---|---|
Rock | Geological formations | Regional strata affect the porosity and permeability of aquifers. |
Fault density | Line density of faults | The faults are conducive to the infiltration of groundwater. |
Slope | The degree of steepness of the surface unit | The infiltration of surface water is inversely correlated with the slope. |
Drainage density | The channel length per unit area | Seepage from surface water channels facilitates groundwater recharge. |
Convergence index | The concavity or convexity of the landscape at a smaller spatial scale. | A negative convergence refers to concavities (e.g., valleys), whereas positive values reflect convex features (e.g., ridges). |
Rainfall | Annual rainfall | Rainfall is an important source of groundwater recharge. |
Distance from rivers | The distance of each grid to the nearest river | Aquifers close to rivers exhibit high recharge rates. |
Enhanced vegetation index | Measurements of surface vegetation condition | Vegetation is a surface indicator of groundwater in varied topographic areas. |
Spring index | Index calculated from actual spring locations and flow rates | The spring index provides a visual representation of the groundwater conditions in the study area. |
Factor | Tolerance | VIF | Factor | Tolerance | VIF | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Rock | 0.816 | 1.225 | 6 | EVI | 0.805 | 1.242 |
2 | Fault density | 0.936 | 1.068 | 7 | Convergence index | 0.984 | 1.016 |
3 | Spring index | 0.739 | 1.353 | 8 | Rainfall | 0.871 | 1.148 |
4 | Slope | 0.909 | 1.100 | 9 | Distance from rivers | 0.783 | 1.277 |
5 | Drainage density | 0.782 | 1.279 |
Rock | SL | CI | SI | FD | DD | DR | RAIN | EVI | Priority | CI | CR | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rock | 1 | 1 | 9/8 | 9/8 | 9/7 | 9/6 | 9/6 | 9/5 | 9/4 | 0.145 | 9 | 0 | 0 |
SL | 1 | 1 | 9/8 | 9/8 | 9/7 | 9/6 | 9/6 | 9/5 | 9/4 | 0.145 | |||
CI | 8/9 | 8/9 | 1 | 1 | 8/7 | 8/6 | 8/6 | 8/5 | 8/4 | 0.129 | |||
SI | 8/9 | 8/9 | 1 | 1 | 8/7 | 8/6 | 8/6 | 8/5 | 8/4 | 0.129 | |||
FD | 7/9 | 7/9 | 7/8 | 7/8 | 1 | 7/6 | 7/6 | 7/5 | 7/4 | 0.113 | |||
DD | 6/9 | 6/9 | 6/8 | 6/8 | 6/7 | 1 | 1 | 6/5 | 6/4 | 0.097 | |||
DR | 6/9 | 6/9 | 6/8 | 6/8 | 6/7 | 1 | 1 | 6/5 | 6/4 | 0.097 | |||
RAIN | 5/9 | 5/9 | 5/8 | 5/8 | 5/7 | 5/6 | 5/6 | 1 | 5/4 | 0.081 | |||
EVI | 4/9 | 4/9 | 4/8 | 4/8 | 4/7 | 4/6 | 4/6 | 4/5 | 1 | 0.065 | |||
Sum | 6.889 | 6.889 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 8.857 | 10.333 | 10.333 | 12.4 | 15.5 |
Yield (t/d·m) | GWP | Potentiality | Water Source Level | GWP | Potentiality |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 0.48 | Low | 2 | 0.62 | High |
41.8 | 0.58 | Moderate | 3 | 0.69 | High |
148.3 | 0.59 | Moderate | 3 | 0.73 | Very high |
468.6 | 0.63 | High | |||
1464.4 | 0.64 | High | |||
2541.9 | 0.69 | High |
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Zhang, Q.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, Y.; Li, M.; Wei, Y.; Chen, M.; Zhang, Z.; Dai, Z. GIS-Based Groundwater Potential Assessment in Varied Topographic Areas of Mianyang City, Southwestern China, Using AHP. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 4684. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224684
Zhang Q, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Li M, Wei Y, Chen M, Zhang Z, Dai Z. GIS-Based Groundwater Potential Assessment in Varied Topographic Areas of Mianyang City, Southwestern China, Using AHP. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(22):4684. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224684
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Qing, Shuangxi Zhang, Yu Zhang, Mengkui Li, Yu Wei, Meng Chen, Zeyi Zhang, and Zhouqing Dai. 2021. "GIS-Based Groundwater Potential Assessment in Varied Topographic Areas of Mianyang City, Southwestern China, Using AHP" Remote Sensing 13, no. 22: 4684. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224684