Influence of Varying Solar Zenith Angles on Land Surface Phenology Derived from Vegetation Indices: A Case Study in the Harvard Forest
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area and Data
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data
2.2.1. Ground Measurements
2.2.2. Remote Sensing Data
3. Methods
3.1. NDVI/EVI Time Series Simulation Based on the Kernel-Driven Model
3.2. Reconstructing NDVI/EVI Time Series
3.3. Deriving Land Surface Phenology
3.4. Accuracy Assessment
4. Results
4.1. NDVI and EVI Time Series
4.2. SOS Derived from NDVI and EVI Time Series
4.2.1. SOS Derived from NDVI Time Series
4.2.2. SOS Derived from EVI Time Series
4.2.3. Comparison of SOS Derived from NDVI and EVI Time Series
4.3. EOS Derived from NDVI and EVI Time Series
4.3.1. EOS Derived from NDVI Time Series
4.3.2. EOS Derived from EVI Time Series
4.3.3. Comparison of EOS Derived from NDVI and EVI Time Series
5. Discussion
5.1. NDVI and EVI Time Series
5.2. Comparison of VI-Derived Land Surface Phenology Metrics
5.3. Impacts from Illumination Geometry on Deriving Land Surface Phenology Metrics
5.4. Uncertainties
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
NDVI | Normalized Difference Vegetation Index |
EVI | Enhanced Vegetation Index |
LSP | Land Surface Phenology |
SOS | Start of Season |
EOS | End of Season |
DOY | Day of Year |
SZA | Solar Zenith Angle |
LSN | Local Solar Noon |
BRDF | Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function |
NBAR | Nadir BRDF-Adjusted Reflectance |
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Dataset | Purposes |
---|---|
MODIS BRDF/Albedo product (MCD43A1) | To simulate reflectance under a set of constant SZAs |
MODIS BRDF/Albedo Quality product (MCD43A2) | Quality control |
MODIS NBAR product (MCD43A4) | A baseline product with SZA adjusted to LSN |
MODIS vegetation index product (MOD13A1) | A baseline product with inconsistent SZAs |
NDVI Product (with Constant SZAs) | RMSE (Days) | ρ |
---|---|---|
MCD43A1 (SZA = 0°) | 11.4 | 0.661 |
MCD43A1 (SZA = 15°) | 8.9 | 0.442 |
MCD43A1 (SZA = 30°) | 8.1 | 0.539 |
MCD43A1 (SZA = 45°) | 8.7 | 0.442 |
MCD43A1 (SZA = 60°) | 10.8 | 0.285 |
MCD43A4 (SZA = LSN) | 8.0 | 0.382 |
MOD13A1 (SZA = Terra) | 10.5 | 0.491 |
EVI Product (with Constant SZAs) | RMSE (Days) | ρ |
---|---|---|
MCD43A1 (SZA = 0°) | 11.1 | 0.709 |
MCD43A1 (SZA = 15°) | 10.8 | 0.830 |
MCD43A1 (SZA = 30°) | 11.0 | 0.758 |
MCD43A1 (SZA = 45°) | 10.3 | 0.709 |
MCD43A1 (SZA = 60°) | 10.6 | 0.588 |
MCD43A4 (SZA = LSN) | 10.7 | 0.842 |
MOD13A1 (SZA = Terra) | 10.0 | 0.345 |
NDVI Product (with Constant SZAs) | RMSE (Days) | ρ |
---|---|---|
MCD43A1 (SZA = 0°) | 6.5 | 0.091 |
MCD43A1 (SZA = 15°) | 16.6 | 0.321 |
MCD43A1 (SZA = 30°) | 21.3 | 0.321 |
MCD43A1 (SZA = 45°) | 6.6 | 0.382 |
MCD43A1 (SZA = 60°) | 33.7 | 0.248 |
MCD43A4 (SZA = LSN) | 16.0 | 0.03 |
MOD13A1 (SZA = Terra) | 5.2 | −0.04 |
EVI Product (with Constant SZAs) | RMSE (Days) | ρ |
---|---|---|
MCD43A1 (SZA = 0°) | 13.3 | 0.927 |
MCD43A1 (SZA = 15°) | 10.1 | 0.527 |
MCD43A1 (SZA = 30°) | 8.5 | 0.345 |
MCD43A1 (SZA = 45°) | 8.5 | 0.515 |
MCD43A1 (SZA = 60°) | 16.6 | 0.709 |
MCD43A4 (SZA = LSN) | 5.4 | 0.345 |
MOD13A1 (SZA = Terra) | 7.4 | 0.818 |
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Li, Y.; Jiao, Z.; Zhao, K.; Dong, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Zeng, Y.; Xu, H.; Zhang, X.; Hu, T.; Cui, L. Influence of Varying Solar Zenith Angles on Land Surface Phenology Derived from Vegetation Indices: A Case Study in the Harvard Forest. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 4126. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13204126
Li Y, Jiao Z, Zhao K, Dong Y, Zhou Y, Zeng Y, Xu H, Zhang X, Hu T, Cui L. Influence of Varying Solar Zenith Angles on Land Surface Phenology Derived from Vegetation Indices: A Case Study in the Harvard Forest. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(20):4126. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13204126
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Yang, Ziti Jiao, Kaiguang Zhao, Yadong Dong, Yuyu Zhou, Yelu Zeng, Haiqing Xu, Xiaoning Zhang, Tongxi Hu, and Lei Cui. 2021. "Influence of Varying Solar Zenith Angles on Land Surface Phenology Derived from Vegetation Indices: A Case Study in the Harvard Forest" Remote Sensing 13, no. 20: 4126. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13204126