Estimating Evapotranspiration of Mediterranean Oak Savanna at Multiple Temporal and Spatial Resolutions. Implications for Water Resources Management
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (i)
- To evaluate the utility of a surface energy balance model (ALEXI/DisALEXI) and the STARFM data fusion technique, using multiple remote sensing platforms (Landsat 7/8 and MODIS), to estimate high-resolution ET in time and space over the complex canopy structure of Mediterranean oak savannas.
- (ii)
- To analyze the opportunities offered by this high-resolution product to provide information that is useful to improve the water and vegetation management of this agroforestry system at a field scale. To do that, we evaluated the water use patterns of the herbaceous stratum and other small heterogeneous vegetation patches typical of the dehesa (e.g., scrubs, humid areas, creek shore), which shape the landscape structure and reflect the existence of different micro-ecosystems and climates. Finally, the cumulative monthly ET generated by the different approaches with different spatial resolutions (1 km and 30 m) was quantified over the same vegetation patches.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of the Study Area and Experimental Site
2.2. Modeling Framework
2.2.1. ALEXI/DisALEXI Model
2.2.2. Remote Sensing Data Fusion Method
2.2.3. ET Data Gap Filling
2.2.4. Simple ET Interpolation Methods
2.3. Model Input Datasets
2.3.1. Landsat Data
2.3.2. MODIS Data
2.3.3. Meteorological Input Data and Vegetation Properties
2.3.4. Input Data Filtering
2.4. Global Remotely Sensed ET Product
3. Results
3.1. Evaluation of Surface Energy Fluxes at the Flux Tower Site
3.2. Analysis of ET Time Series from DisALEXI and STARFM
3.3. Evaluation of the MOD16A2 Global ET Product
3.4. Water Resources Management at Field Scale Using High-Resolution ET Maps
4. Discussion
4.1. DisALEXI Model Validation
4.2. Temporal Patterns in ET Curves
4.3. Performance of MOD16A2 ET
4.4. Variability of Dehesa Vegetation Water Use at Field Scale
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Flux | Ō (MJ m−2 d−1) | MAE (MJ m−2 d−1) | RMSE (MJ m−2 d−1) | MBE (MJ m−2 d−1) | R2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MODIS | Rn | 12.93 | 0.91 | 1.15 | 0.11 | 0.95 |
G | 1.59 | 0.56 | 0.69 | 0.35 | 0.52 | |
H | 7.34 | 1.64 | 1.99 | −0.60 | 0.69 | |
LE | 4.01 | 1.54 | 1.87 | 0.37 | 0.69 | |
Landsat | Rn | 12.90 | 0.91 | 1.15 | −0.33 | 0.94 |
G | 1.52 | 0.46 | 0.60 | 0.32 | 0.60 | |
H | 7.52 | 1.56 | 2.18 | −1.16 | 0.68 | |
LE | 3.86 | 1.46 | 1.85 | 0.50 | 0.56 |
MODIS | MODIS-Landsat (STARFM) | Interpolated Landsat (Using FPET) | |
---|---|---|---|
MAE (mm d−1) | 0.589 | 0.539 | 0.596 |
RMSE (mm d−1) | 0.737 | 0.673 | 0.749 |
MBE (mm d−1) | 0.005 | 0.103 | 0.158 |
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Carpintero, E.; Anderson, M.C.; Andreu, A.; Hain, C.; Gao, F.; Kustas, W.P.; González-Dugo, M.P. Estimating Evapotranspiration of Mediterranean Oak Savanna at Multiple Temporal and Spatial Resolutions. Implications for Water Resources Management. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 3701. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13183701
Carpintero E, Anderson MC, Andreu A, Hain C, Gao F, Kustas WP, González-Dugo MP. Estimating Evapotranspiration of Mediterranean Oak Savanna at Multiple Temporal and Spatial Resolutions. Implications for Water Resources Management. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(18):3701. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13183701
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarpintero, Elisabet, Martha C. Anderson, Ana Andreu, Christopher Hain, Feng Gao, William P. Kustas, and María P. González-Dugo. 2021. "Estimating Evapotranspiration of Mediterranean Oak Savanna at Multiple Temporal and Spatial Resolutions. Implications for Water Resources Management" Remote Sensing 13, no. 18: 3701. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13183701