Influence of Ultrasonic Field Parameters on the Biochemical Activity of Leachates from the Composting Process
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Low intensity from 0 to 1 W/cm2 (acceleration of physiological processes in microorganisms);
- Average intensity from 1 to 3 W/cm2 (acceleration of physiological processes in microorganisms; changes in cell morphology may also occur);
- High intensity from 3 to 10 W/cm2 and more (irreversible cell damage, death).
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Characteristics of the Substrate
2.2. Physicochemical Analysis
- -
- Dry solids (DS) and volatile solids (VS) determined in accordance with PN–EN 12880 [20]
- -
- The pH was determined using the potentiometric method (pH measurements were conducted using a 59002-00 pH meter by ColePalmer);
- -
- Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), nitrogen content, dissolved total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and dissolved ammonium nitrogen were determined using the titration method according to standard methods (APHA, 1999) [21];
- -
- Carbon content and dissolved organic carbon were determined using a TOC 10 C Analyzer PX by Kiper, with an AS 40 autosampler by Dione.
2.3. Microbiological Analysis
2.4. Determination of Dehydrogenase (DHA) Activity of Microorganisms in Leachates
2.5. Determination of Respiratory Activity (AR) of Microorganisms in Leachates
- ΔO2—difference between the highest and the lowest oxygen concentration.
- ΔT—time difference.
2.6. Sonicated Leachates
- N—acoustic power (W).
- Es—sonification energy (J).
- ts—sonification time (s).
- I—acoustic wave intensity (W).
- S—area of the surface that the wave passes through (cm3).
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Ultrasound of the Leachate—Selection of Amplitude and Sonication Time
3.2. Results of Microbiological Analysis
3.3. Results of Dehydrogenase (DHA) Activity of Microorganisms in Leachates
3.4. Results of Respiratory Activity (AR) Activity of Microorganisms in Leachates
4. Conclusions
- The obtained values of the tested indicators, i.e., dehydrogenase activity (DHA) and respiratory activity (AR) of microorganisms in leachate modified with an ultrasonic field, indicate the potential possibility of using prepared leachates as biopreparations that influence the intensification of the composting process.
- The overtone of compost leachates influenced the increase in the number of mesophilic and thermophilic microorganisms for the amplitude of 30.5 μm in relation to the control sample.
- Sonicated leachate from composting resulted in a decrease in the number of bacteria from the E. coli group, a gradual decrease was observed along with an increase in the amplitude and the time of the leaching of leachate.
- A similar dynamic of changes in dehydrogenase activity (DHA) to changes in mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria, was observed. The level of dehydrogenase activity (DHA) for all the leachate combinations was low, which was related to the collection of the leachate for the thermophilic phase, in which a decline in AD is usually observed.
- The hypersecretion of leachate positively influenced the respiratory activity of microorganisms found in the drips. In the case of sonicated effluents, regardless of the time and amplitude of conditioning, respiratory activity was more than 47% higher than in the control sample.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Index | Unit | Value |
---|---|---|
Dry solids (DS) | (g/L) | 8.9 ± 0.1 |
Volatile solids (VS) | (g/L) | 3.2 ± 0.1 |
pH | - | 7.69 ± 0.2 |
Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) | (mg N/L) | 1015 ± 42.0 |
Carbon content | (% DS) | 24.88 ± 1.2 |
Nitrogen content | (%DS) | 0.94 ± 0.01 |
Dissolved organic carbon | (mg C/L) | 1870 ± 25% |
Dissolved total Kjeldahl nitrogen | (mg N/L) | 895 ± 12 |
Dissolved ammonium nitrogen | (mg N–-NH4+/L) | 786.2 ± 20 |
Units | Value | |
---|---|---|
Mesophilic | CFU/cm3 | 185 × 104 ± 15 |
Thermophilic | 380 × 104 ± 8 | |
Fungi | 10 × 104 ± 2 | |
E. coli | cm3 | 10−6 |
Salmonella spp. | 0 |
UD Amplitude | t = 15 s | t = 30 s | t = 60 s | t = 90 s | t = 120 s |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A = 15.25 μm | Es = 450 ± 15 J | Es = 990 ± 25 J | Es = 1860 ± 30 J | Es = 2700 ± 20 J | Es = 3970 ± 30 J |
A = 30.5 μm | Es = 510 ± 10 J | Es = 1050 ± 20 J | Es = 2160 ± 24 J | Es = 3330 ± 22 J | Es = 4680 ± 24 J |
A = 46.0 μm | Es = 540 ± 12 J | Es = 1110 ± 14 J | Es = 2340 ± 14 J | Es = 3600 ± 23 J | Es = 4800 ± 25 J |
UD Amplitude | t = 15 s | t = 30 s | t = 60 s | t = 90 s | t = 120 s |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A = 15.25 μm | I = 1.09 ± 0.05 W/cm2 | I = 1.2 ± 0.1 W/cm2 | I = 1.13 ± 0.04 W/cm2 | I = 1.09 ± 0.1 W/cm2 | I = 1.2 ± 0.1 W/cm2 |
A = 30.5 μm | I = 1.25 ± 0.02 W/cm2 | I = 1.29 ± 0.08 W/cm2 | I = 1.32 ± 0.06 W/cm2 | I = 1.36 ± 0.1 W/cm2 | I = 1.43 ± 0.1 W/cm2 |
A = 46.0 μm | I = 1.32 ± 0.07 W/cm2 | I = 1.36 ± 0.05 W/cm2 | I = 1.43 ± 0.1 W/cm2 | I = 1.47 ± 0.07 W/cm2 | I = 1.47 ± 0.05 W/cm2 |
UD = 15.25 µm | UD = 30.5 µm | UD = 46 µm | |
---|---|---|---|
15 s | 10−5 | 10−4 | 10−4 |
30 s | 10−5 | 10−3 | 10−3 |
60 s | 10−4 | 10−3 | 10−2 |
90 s | 10−4 | 10−2 | 10−2 |
120 s | 10−3 | 10−2 | 10−2 |
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Worwąg, M.; Zawieja, I. Influence of Ultrasonic Field Parameters on the Biochemical Activity of Leachates from the Composting Process. Sustainability 2022, 14, 5502. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095502
Worwąg M, Zawieja I. Influence of Ultrasonic Field Parameters on the Biochemical Activity of Leachates from the Composting Process. Sustainability. 2022; 14(9):5502. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095502
Chicago/Turabian StyleWorwąg, Małgorzata, and Iwona Zawieja. 2022. "Influence of Ultrasonic Field Parameters on the Biochemical Activity of Leachates from the Composting Process" Sustainability 14, no. 9: 5502. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095502