The Impact of Fly Ashes from Thermal Conversion of Sewage Sludge on Properties of Natural Building Materials on the Example of Clay
Abstract
:1. Introduction and Literature Review
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Preparation of Samples
- 0-i—without additives (pure clay),
- 1-i—with addition of the fly ash from the combustion of sewage sludge from Łodz,
- 2-i—with addition of the fly ash from the combustion of sewage sludge from Cracow,
- 3-i—with addition of the fly ash from the combustion of sewage sludge from Warsaw,
2.2. Research Methods
2.3. Characteristics of the Clay Used in the Research
- -
- silica indicator:
- -
- alumina indicator:
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Physical and Chemical Properties of Fly Ashes from Thermal Conversion of Sewage Sludge
3.2. Properties of the Clay-Ash Composite with Addition of the Fly Ash
3.3. Statistical Analysis
- df = 6 and α = 0.05 => critical value: t = 2.446912
- df = 5 and α = 0.05 => critical value: t = 2.570582
- df = 4 and α = 0.05 => critical value: t = 2.776445.
4. Conclusions
- -
- The collected results of the investigations enabled a comparison of the properties of clay samples produced with the fly ash from three wastewater treatment plants.
- -
- The obtained test results confirm the possibility of manufacturing clay-ash composites using the fly ash from thermal conversion of sewage sludge.
- -
- The main objective of the investigations is the utilization of wastes coming from the thermal conversion of sewage sludge, and the determination of the possibility of its use in clay-ash composites.
- -
- With large amounts of fly ash addition (above 20%), the firing temperature plays a significant role in achieving the appropriate compressive strength.
- -
- It is proposed to reduce the ash quantity (5, 10, 15, 20%) in the samples, and to re-fire in the temperature of 300 and 700 °C to check an effect of this reduction (positive or negative) on the strength. Such a test should be performed in a temperature of 850–1050 degrees.
- -
- In the next stage, the tests should be repeated with the previously assumed proportions between ash and clay, but with the samples fired at higher temperatures, in the range 950–1050 degrees.
- -
- The assumption of a higher firing temperature for the clay-ash composite samples is justified by the results of the statistical analysis (t-Student test) which showed that the temperature significantly affects the mechanical and physical parameters of the clay-ash composite samples.
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chemical Composition | % of Mass |
---|---|
SiO2 | 45–80 |
Al2O3 | 8–28 |
Fe2O3 | 2–15 |
FeO | 2–15 |
CaO | 0.5–20 |
MgO | 0.0–4 |
K2O | 0.0–5 |
Na2O | 0.0–5 |
Loss on ignition | 3–16 |
Pure Clay | Clay with Ash From | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Łodz | Cracow | Warsaw | |||||
No. | Mass [g] | No. | Mass [g] | No. | Mass [g] | No. | Mass [g] |
0-1 | 136.0 | 1-1 | 114.0 | 2-1 | 120.0 | 3-1 | 120.0 |
0-2 | 138.0 | 1-2 | 119.0 | 2-2 | 118.0 | 3-2 | 119.0 |
0-3 | 134.0 | 1-3 | 114.0 | 2-3 | 117.0 | 3-3 | 114.0 |
0-4 | 135.0 | 1-4 | 119.0 | 2-4 | 120.0 | 3-4 | 116.0 |
0-5 | 132.0 | 1-5 | 120.0 | 2-5 | 118.0 | 3-5 | 116.0 |
Chemical Composition | Content [%] |
---|---|
SiO2 | 55.00–67.40 |
Al2O3 | 13.60–17.30 |
TiO2 | 0.70–0.85 |
Fe2O3 | 6.20–7.90 |
MnO | 0.06–0.17 |
MgO | 1.65–2.70 |
CaO | 0.25–0.75 |
Na2O | 0.05–0.30 |
K2O | 2.35–3.40 |
P2O | 0.05–0.15 |
Mineral Composition | Content [%] |
---|---|
Quartz | 17–23 |
Kaolinite | 3–10 |
Illit | 3–10 |
Hematite | 3–5 |
Plagioclase | <3 |
Potassium feldspar | <3 |
Goethite | <2 |
Anataz | 3–5 |
Packaged minerals (vermiculite/chlorite, smectite/illite) | 47–68 |
amorphous phase | - |
T-Test for Independent Samples (Spreadsheet24) Note: Variable Were Treated as Independent Samples | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group 1 vs. Group 2 | Mean Group 1 | Mean Group 2 | t-Value | df | p | Valid N Group 1 | Valid N Group 2 | Std. Dev. Group 1 | Std. Dev. Group 2 | F-Ratio Variances | p Variances |
Cracow vs. Temp. | 1.207273 | 340 | −3.84769 | 21 | 0.000935 | 11 | 12 | 0.358834 | 291.4540 | 659,710.0 | 0 |
Warsaw vs. Temp. | 0.608417 | 340 | −4.03386 | 22 | 0.000555 | 12 | 12 | 0.521950 | 291.4540 | 311,804.4 | 0 |
Clay vs. Temp. | 5.695917 | 340 | −3.97323 | 22 | 0.000644 | 12 | 12 | 2.675164 | 291.4540 | 11,869.7 | 0 |
Lodz vs. Temp. | 1.525917 | 340 | −4.02294 | 22 | 0.000570 | 12 | 12 | 0.863062 | 291.4540 | 114,039.7 | 0 |
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Wiśniewski, K.; Rutkowska, G.; Jeleniewicz, K.; Dąbkowski, N.; Wójt, J.; Chalecki, M.; Siwiński, J. The Impact of Fly Ashes from Thermal Conversion of Sewage Sludge on Properties of Natural Building Materials on the Example of Clay. Sustainability 2022, 14, 6213. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106213
Wiśniewski K, Rutkowska G, Jeleniewicz K, Dąbkowski N, Wójt J, Chalecki M, Siwiński J. The Impact of Fly Ashes from Thermal Conversion of Sewage Sludge on Properties of Natural Building Materials on the Example of Clay. Sustainability. 2022; 14(10):6213. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106213
Chicago/Turabian StyleWiśniewski, Krzysztof, Gabriela Rutkowska, Katarzyna Jeleniewicz, Norbert Dąbkowski, Jarosław Wójt, Marek Chalecki, and Jarosław Siwiński. 2022. "The Impact of Fly Ashes from Thermal Conversion of Sewage Sludge on Properties of Natural Building Materials on the Example of Clay" Sustainability 14, no. 10: 6213. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106213