Students’ Intention toward Self-Regulated Learning under Blended Learning Setting: PLS-SEM Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review and Hypotheses
2.1. Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) under Blended Learning Setting (BLS)
2.2. Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)
2.3. Major Satisfaction (MS)
2.4. Perceived Teacher Support (PTS)
3. Methodology
3.1. Participants and Procedure
3.2. Variable Measurement and Data Analysis Method
Dimensions | Questions | References |
---|---|---|
Major Satisfaction | MS1: I feel good about the major I’ve selected. MS2: The major has met the expectations I had prior to enrolling. MS3: The academic instruction, personnel, and facilities in my major are of high quality. MS4: I think I made a good decision in choosing the major and would select the major again, if given another chance. MS5: I will praise the major to others and encourage them to choose it. | [36,61] |
Invested | INV1: My teachers expect me to work hard at school. INV2: My teachers try to answer my questions in my study. INV3: My teachers are interested in my growth. INV4: My teachers take the time to help me get better grades. INV5: My teachers think I am a hard-working student. INV6: My teachers are helpful when I have questions about study. INV7: My teachers are helpful when I have questions about school issues. INV8: My teachers would praise me before others when I perform well at school. | [49] |
Positive Regard | PR1: My teachers push me to gain good academic achievement. PR2: My teachers challenge me to think about my goals of my study. PR3: My teachers believe I am smart so that I can study well by myself. PR4: My teachers help me understand my strengths in study. PR5: My teachers want me to do well in school. | |
Expectation | EXP1: My teachers enjoy having me as their student. EXP2: My teachers care about what happens to me at school. EXP3: My teachers encourage me to learn. EXP4: My teachers think I should study continuously. EXP5: My teachers support my goals for my study. | |
Accessible | ACC1: My teachers will listen if I want to talk about a problem in my study. ACC2: My teachers are easy to talk to about my school things. ACC3: My teachers are easy to talk to about things beside school. | |
Attitude | ATTI1: I Look forward to those aspects of self-regulated learning. ATTI2: I like self-regulated learning. ATTI3: Self-regulated learning is a good idea. ATTI4: I have a generally favorable attitude toward self-regulated learning. ATTI5: Overall, self-regulated learning is beneficial. | |
d | ||
Attention | ATTEN1: I intend to do self-regulated learning to improve my academic achievements. ATTEN2: I intend to continue doing my self-regulated learning frequently. ATTEN3: I will strongly recommend my peers to do self-regulated learning. ATTEN4: I will always try to do self-regulated learning on a daily basis. ATTEN5: Overall, I intend to continue self-regulated learning in my future learning. | [11,62,63,64,65,66,67] |
Subjective Norm | SN1: My parents will encourage me to do self-regulated learning. SN2: My teachers will support me to do self-regulated learning. SN3: My peers think that I should do self-regulated learning. SN4: My school management suggest that I should do self-regulated learning. SN5: Overall, my school supports my self-regulated learning all round. | |
Perceived Behavior Control | PBC1: It is always possible for me to do my self-regulated learning. PBC2: If I want, I always could do self-regulated learning. PBC3: It is mostly up to me whether or not to do self-regulated learning. PBC4: I have control over how to do self-regulated learning. PBC5: I have the necessary knowledge to do self-regulated learning. |
4. Research Results
4.1. Descriptive Analysis
4.2. Measurement Model Assessment
4.3. Structural Model Assessment
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions and Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Measure | Items | Number | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
Universities | University1 | 206 | 34.1 |
University2 | 195 | 32.3 | |
University3 | 203 | 33.6 | |
Gender | Male | 315 | 52.1 |
Female | 289 | 47.9 | |
Age | >22 | 12 | 2 |
18–22 | 574 | 95 | |
<18 | 18 | 3 | |
Grade | Freshman | 173 | 28.7 |
Sophomore | 159 | 26.3 | |
Junior | 142 | 23.5 | |
Senior | 130 | 21.5 | |
Blended Learning Courses | >5 | 15 | 2.5 |
2–5 | 504 | 83.4 | |
=1 | 85 | 14.1 |
Constructs | Items | Factor Loading | Cronbach’s Alpha | rho_A | Composite Reliability | AVE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ACC | ACC1 | 0.917 | 0.944 | 0.944 | 0.964 | 0.900 |
ACC2 | 0.963 | |||||
ACC3 | 0.965 | |||||
ATT | ATT1 | 0.937 | 0.968 | 0.969 | 0.975 | 0.888 |
ATT2 | 0.940 | |||||
ATT3 | 0.956 | |||||
ATT4 | 0.962 | |||||
ATT5 | 0.915 | |||||
BR | BR1 | 0.933 | 0.952 | 0.953 | 0.963 | 0.839 |
BR2 | 0.932 | |||||
BR3 | 0.942 | |||||
BR4 | 0.902 | |||||
BR5 | 0.869 | |||||
EXP | EXP1 | 0.878 | 0.933 | 0.936 | 0.950 | 0.790 |
EXP2 | 0.923 | |||||
EXP3 | 0.906 | |||||
EXP4 | 0.834 | |||||
EXP5 | 0.901 | |||||
INT | INT1 | 0.902 | 0.959 | 0.959 | 0.968 | 0.858 |
INT2 | 0.944 | |||||
INT3 | 0.918 | |||||
INT4 | 0.929 | |||||
INT5 | 0.938 | |||||
INV | INV1 | 0.853 | 0.953 | 0.954 | 0.961 | 0.754 |
INV2 | 0.870 | |||||
INV3 | 0.886 | |||||
INV4 | 0.882 | |||||
INV5 | 0.797 | |||||
INV6 | 0.891 | |||||
INV7 | 0.886 | |||||
INV8 | 0.881 | |||||
MS | MS1 | 0.89 | 0.924 | 0.924 | 0.943 | 0.768 |
MS2 | 0.893 | |||||
MS3 | 0.784 | |||||
MS4 | 0.923 | |||||
MS5 | 0.885 | |||||
PBC | PBC1 | 0.898 | 0.953 | 0.954 | 0.964 | 0.841 |
PBC2 | 0.922 | |||||
PBC3 | 0.899 | |||||
PBC4 | 0.944 | |||||
PBC5 | 0.923 | |||||
SN | SN1 | 0.900 | 0.932 | 0.933 | 0.949 | 0.788 |
SN2 | 0.902 | |||||
SN3 | 0.807 | |||||
SN4 | 0.911 | |||||
SN5 | 0.914 |
ACC | ATT | BR | EXP | INT | INV | MS | PBC | SN | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ACC | 0.948 | ||||||||
ATT | 0.584 | 0.942 | |||||||
BR | 0.865 | 0.607 | 0.936 | ||||||
EXP | 0.886 | 0.611 | 0.926 | 0.989 | |||||
INT | 0.648 | 0.862 | 0.665 | 0.679 | 0.926 | ||||
INV | 0.838 | 0.591 | 0.901 | 0.883 | 0.655 | 0.869 | |||
MS | 0.578 | 0.475 | 0.634 | 0.614 | 0.516 | 0.646 | 0.876 | ||
PBC | 0.677 | 0.689 | 0.728 | 0.740 | 0.776 | 0.719 | 0.536 | 0.917 | |
SN | 0.593 | 0.787 | 0.616 | 0.645 | 0.842 | 0.624 | 0.534 | 0.748 | 0.888 |
ACC | ATT | BR | EXP | INT | INV | MS | PBC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ACC | ||||||||
ATT | 0.611 | |||||||
BR | 0.813 | 0.633 | ||||||
EXP | 0.843 | 0.643 | 0.881 | |||||
INT | 0.681 | 0.695 | 0.696 | 0.718 | ||||
INV | 0.882 | 0.615 | 0.746 | 0.735 | 0.685 | |||
MS | 0.615 | 0.500 | 0.673 | 0.659 | 0.546 | 0.686 | ||
PBC | 0.713 | 0.717 | 0.764 | 0.783 | 0.812 | 0.754 | 0.569 | |
SN | 0.633 | 0.829 | 0.655 | 0.693 | 0.891 | 0.663 | 0.574 | 0.794 |
Hypothesis | Relationship | Original Sample (O) | Sample Mean (M) | Standard Deviation (STDEV) | T Statistics (|O/STDEV|) | p Values | Decision |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H1 | ATT -> INT | 0.454 | 0.454 | 0.041 *** | 10.983 | 0.000 | Supported |
H2 | PBC -> INT | 0.183 | 0.182 | 0.041 *** | 4.453 | 0.000 | Supported |
H3 | SN -> INT | 0.301 | 0.301 | 0.048 *** | 6.320 | 0.000 | Supported |
H4 | MS -> INT | −0.012 | −0.011 | 0.024 | 0.498 | 0.618 | Rejected |
H7 | PTS -> INT | 0.082 | 0.082 | 0.036 * | 2.310 | 0.021 | Supported |
Hypothesis | Relationship | Original Sample (O) | Sample Mean (M) | Standard Deviation (STDEV) | T Statistics (O/STDEV) | p Values | Decision |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H5 | MS -> ATT -> INT | 0.053 | 0.053 | 0.023 * | 2.257 | 0.024 | Supported |
H6 | MS -> PBC -> INT | 0.098 | 0.098 | 0.022 *** | 4.438 | 0.000 | Supported |
H8 | PTS -> ATT -> INT | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.031 *** | 7.936 | 0.000 | Supported |
H9 | PTS -> SN -> INT | 0.196 | 0.196 | 0.032 *** | 6.079 | 0.000 | Supported |
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Jiang, Y.; Wang, P.; Li, Q.; Li, Y. Students’ Intention toward Self-Regulated Learning under Blended Learning Setting: PLS-SEM Approach. Sustainability 2022, 14, 10140. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610140
Jiang Y, Wang P, Li Q, Li Y. Students’ Intention toward Self-Regulated Learning under Blended Learning Setting: PLS-SEM Approach. Sustainability. 2022; 14(16):10140. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610140
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiang, Yujun, Ping Wang, Qiang Li, and Yingji Li. 2022. "Students’ Intention toward Self-Regulated Learning under Blended Learning Setting: PLS-SEM Approach" Sustainability 14, no. 16: 10140. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610140