Improving Access to Export Market for Fresh Vegetables through Reduction of Phytosanitary and Pesticide Residue Constraints
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Review of Determinants of Quality in Exported Fresh Vegetables
2.1. The Status of Fresh Vegetable for Niche Markets in Kenya
2.2. Pests of Phytosanitary Concern in Fresh Vegetables
2.3. Microbial Contaminants of Fresh Vegetables
2.4. Strategies Used by Farmers in Managing Pests in Fresh Vegetables
2.5. Problems Associated with Use of Synthetic Pesticides
2.6. Fresh Produce Export Requirements and Their Implications
3. Four-Tiered Approach to Compliance with Phytosanitary and Pesticide Residue Requirements
3.1. Establishment of Structured Grower Systems for Exporters
3.2. Strict Enforcement of Standards
3.3. Investment in Research and Adoption of Innovative Technologies
3.4. Awareness Creation and Training
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Harmful Organisms | Percentage |
---|---|
Spodoptera frugiperda | 9.3 |
Spodoptera littoralis | 9.3 |
Thaumatotibia leucotreta | 14.7 |
Bemisia tabaci | 13.3 |
Liriomyza huidobrensis | 10.7 |
Tephritidae | 10.7 |
Liriomyza | 12.0 |
Liriomyza sativae | 10.7 |
Thrips | 8.0 |
Scirtothrips aurantii | 1.3 |
Microorganism | Detected on | Place Sourced | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Enterobacteriacea | French beans | Harvested from commercial planting | [52] |
Tomatoes, kales, amaranth leaves | Markets and retail outlet in urban and peri-urban towns | [53] | |
Escherichia coli | Ready-to-eat kales, cabbage, and nightshades | Vending points | [54] |
Corriander, onions, tomatoes, and chili | Vending points | [55] | |
Salmonella spp. | Ready-to-eat kales, cabbage, and nightshades | Vending points | [54] |
Kales | Vegetable growing peri-urban areas around Nairobi | [56] | |
Corriander, onions, tomatoes, and chili | Vending points | [55] | |
Listeria monocytogenes | French beans | Harvested from commercial planting | [52] |
Staphylococcus aureus | Tomatoes, kales, amaranth leaves | Markets and retail outlet in urban and peri-urban towns | [53] |
French beans | Harvested from commercial planting | [52] |
Type of Control | Farmer’s Strategy | Target Pest | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Physical | Washing plants with strong jet of water | Arthropod pests | [70] |
handpicking | Pod borers | [71] | |
Remove and destroy infested plant material. | Red spider mite | [66] | |
Cultural | Field sanitation | [66] | |
Planting resistant varieties | Snap bean insect pests | [66] | |
Weeding | Spider mites | [72] | |
Crop rotation | [70] | ||
Planting early in the season | Bean fly | [70] | |
Intercropping | Thrips | [66] | |
Biological | Organic production | [70] | |
Use of predatory mite | Western flower thrips | [70] | |
Use of botanicals | Pyrethrins-Aphids, whiteflies; Azadirachtin-thrips, leafminers, etc. | [73] | |
Chemical | Use of synthetic pesticides (cypermethrine, deltamethrin, fenvalerate, imidacloprid, triazopho, dimethoate) | Bean fly, aphids, whiteflies | [73,74] |
Integrated | Use of multiple interventions | Targets all pests | [70] |
Active Ingredient | EU MRL (mg/Kg) | MRL mg/Kg | Year Adopted |
---|---|---|---|
Aldrin and Dieldrin | Leafy vegetables | 0.05 | 1997 |
Abamectin | Tomatoes | 0.09 | 2015 |
Snow peas | 0.01 | ||
French beans | 0.03 | ||
Azoxystrobin | Fruiting vegetables | 3 | 2009 |
Acetamiprid | Cabbage | 0.01 | 2017 |
Coriander | 0.01 | ||
Bifenthrin | Peas with pods | 0.9 | 2016 |
Flowering brassicas | 0.4 | ||
Chlorpyrifos | Bulb vegetables | 0.01 | 2003 |
Root and tuber vegetables | 0.05 | ||
Cypermethrin | Leafy vegetables | 0.7 | 2009 |
Deltamethrin | Leafy vegetables | 2 | 2006 |
Dimethoate | Brussel sprouts | 0.1 | 2009 |
Legume vegetables | 0.01 | ||
Carrots | 0.03 | ||
Imidacloprid | Peas with pods | 5 | 2009 |
Paraquat | Leafy vegetables | 0.07 | 2006 |
Metalaxyl | Chinese cabbage | 0.02 | 2017 |
Eggplants | 0.01 | ||
Beans with pods | 0.02 | ||
Peas with pods | 0.02 | ||
Cyantraniliprole | Peas with pods | 2 | 2018 |
Peas without pods | 0.3 | ||
Beans with pods | 1.5 | ||
Beans without pods | 0.3 | ||
Chlorothalonil | Bulb vegetables | 0.01 | 2016 |
Sweet pepper | 0.01 | ||
Broccoli | 0.01 | ||
Asparagus | 0.01 |
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Lengai, G.M.W.; Fulano, A.M.; Muthomi, J.W. Improving Access to Export Market for Fresh Vegetables through Reduction of Phytosanitary and Pesticide Residue Constraints. Sustainability 2022, 14, 8183. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14138183
Lengai GMW, Fulano AM, Muthomi JW. Improving Access to Export Market for Fresh Vegetables through Reduction of Phytosanitary and Pesticide Residue Constraints. Sustainability. 2022; 14(13):8183. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14138183
Chicago/Turabian StyleLengai, Geraldin M. W., Alex M. Fulano, and James W. Muthomi. 2022. "Improving Access to Export Market for Fresh Vegetables through Reduction of Phytosanitary and Pesticide Residue Constraints" Sustainability 14, no. 13: 8183. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14138183