The Mediating Role of Perception in the Relationship between Expectation and Satisfaction in Terms of Sustainability in Tourism Education
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Sustainability in Tourism Education
2.2. Expectations, Perceptions, and Satisfaction
3. Methodology
3.1. Purpose of the Research
3.2. Data Collection
3.3. Research Model
3.4. Data Analysis
4. Findings
4.1. Validity and Reliability Findings
4.2. Factor Analysis for the Satisfaction of Academic Education and Scale Validation Findings
4.3. Findings Concerning Personal Information
4.4. Findings Regarding the Research Hypotheses
4.4.1. The Difference in Satisfaction of Academic Education Based on Gender
4.4.2. The Difference in Satisfaction of Academic Education Based on Age
4.4.3. The Difference in Satisfaction of Academic Education Based on Class
4.4.4. The Difference in Satisfaction of Academic Education Based on Departments
4.4.5. The Relationship between Expectation, Perception, and Satisfaction of Academic Education
4.4.6. The Impact of Perception of Tourism Education on Satisfaction and Its Dimensions of Satisfaction of Academic Education
4.4.7. Regression Analysis of the Mediating Role of Perception in the Relationship between Expectation and Satisfaction
5. Results, Conclusions, and Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Statements | Factor Loading | Factor Validity | Factor Variance |
---|---|---|---|---|
Satisfaction of Vocational Education | 14—I think I have specialized in the program I study at. | 0.756 | 0.82 | 20.405 |
15—I think I have learnt an important part of the concepts and applications of my profession. | 0.782 | |||
16—I had the opportunity to improve the theoretical knowledge I gained at school through practical application. | 0.778 | |||
17—Thanks to my education, I can find a job more easily compared to others. | 0.644 | |||
Satisfaction of Personal Development | 10—Thanks to my education, my self-confidence has increased. | 0.660 | 0.85 | 19.589 |
11—The education I received and the experiences I had at school improved my communication skills. | 0.800 | |||
12—I have become a more social and active person. | 0.824 | |||
13—The education I received and the experiences I had at school taught me how to lead my life. | 0.735 | |||
Satisfaction of University | 6—Social and psychological counseling services provided at university are adequate. | 0.751 | 0.73 | 14.258 |
7—Many social and cultural activities which draw my interest are organized at my university. | 0.792 | |||
8—Academic counseling services provided are adequate. | 0.714 | |||
Satisfaction of School | 1—Course hours and the program are sufficient and well organized. | 0.817 | 0.70 | 13.476 |
2—The courses offered within the program are adequate and organized in accordance with the purpose. | 0.810 | |||
18—I believe the language education which will help me do my job easily is provided. | 0.515 | |||
KMO: 0.906 P: 0.000 (Barlett’s test) | Total Variance: 67.728 |
N | MEAN | Std. Deviation | t | df | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female | 294 | 3.1444 | 0.68725 | −0.551 | 671 | 0.582 |
Male | 379 | 3.1749 | 0.72968 | 646.365 |
Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Between Groups | 30.223 | 15 | 2.015 | 4.327 | 0.000 |
Within Groups | 286.371 | 615 | 0.466 | ||
Total | 316.594 | 630 |
N | Std. Deviation | Std. Error | Minimum | Maximum | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
17 | 5 | 4.0790 | 0.59502 | 0.26610 | 3.33 | 4.78 |
18 | 83 | 3.4903 | 0.57655 | 0.06328 | 2.44 | 5.00 |
19 | 115 | 3.1741 | 0.60487 | 0.05640 | 1.28 | 5.00 |
20 | 115 | 3.2152 | 0.60778 | 0.05668 | 1.56 | 4.94 |
21 | 139 | 3.1066 | 0.77670 | 0.06588 | 1.00 | 5.00 |
22 | 84 | 2.9991 | 0.65118 | 0.07105 | 1.28 | 4.28 |
23 | 47 | 2.7790 | 0.86868 | 0.12671 | 1.00 | 4.35 |
24 | 18 | 2.8735 | 0.73730 | 0.17378 | 1.00 | 3.78 |
25 | 15 | 3.4282 | 0.78348 | 0.20229 | 1.83 | 5.00 |
26 | 2 | 4.1111 | 0.70711 | 0.50000 | 3.61 | 4.61 |
27 | 3 | 3.0741 | 1.09196 | 0.63045 | 1.83 | 3.89 |
28 | 1 | 4.6471 | 4.65 | 4.65 | ||
29 | 1 | 3.4444 | 3.44 | 3.44 | ||
30 | 1 | 3.2941 | 3.29 | 3.29 | ||
33 | 1 | 3.3889 | 3.39 | 3.39 | ||
34 | 1 | 3.8333 | 3.83 | 3.83 | ||
Total | 631 | 3.1671 | 0.70889 | 0.02822 | 1.00 | 5.00 |
Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Between Groups | 25.734 | 3 | 8.578 | 18.121 | 0.000 |
Within Groups | 317.161 | 670 | 0.473 | ||
Total | 342.895 | 673 |
N | Std. Deviation | Std. Error | Minimum | Maximum | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First | 214 | 3.3328 | 0.65452 | 0.04474 | 1.44 | 5.00 |
Second | 147 | 3.1580 | 0.66660 | 0.05498 | 1.00 | 4.67 |
Third | 149 | 3.2857 | 0.57898 | 0.04743 | 1.28 | 4.78 |
Fourth | 164 | 2.8380 | 0.82679 | 0.06456 | 1.00 | 5.00 |
Total | 674 | 3.1639 | 0.71379 | 0.02749 | 1.00 | 5.00 |
Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Between Groups | 30.947 | 4 | 7.737 | 16.597 | 0.000 |
Within Groups | 312.324 | 670 | 0.466 | ||
Total | 343.272 | 674 |
N | Std. Deviation | Std. Error | Minimum | Maximum | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tourism Management | 390 | 3.3019 | 0.66540 | 0.03369 | 1.28 | 5.00 |
Gastronomy and Culinary Arts | 114 | 3.1263 | 0.59014 | 0.05527 | 1.00 | 4.67 |
Tourist Guiding | 35 | 3.3236 | 0.50343 | 0.08510 | 2.44 | 4.94 |
Hospitality Management | 67 | 2.8316 | 0.89243 | 0.10903 | 1.00 | 5.00 |
Travel Management | 69 | 2.6966 | 0.76271 | 0.09182 | 1.00 | 4.35 |
Total | 675 | 3.1648 | 0.71366 | 0.02747 | 1.00 | 5.00 |
Scale | N | Mean | St | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Expectation of Academic Education | 675 | 3.7329 | 0.70924 | 1 | ||||||
2. Perception of Academic Education | 675 | 3.4328 | 0.83236 | 0.530 * | 1 | |||||
0.000 | ||||||||||
3. Satisfaction of Academic Education | 675 | 3.1648 | 0.71366 | 0.478 * | 0.693 * | 1 | ||||
0.000 | 0.000 | |||||||||
4. Satisfaction of Vocational Education | 675 | 2.9414 | 0.94892 | 0.398 * | 0.540 * | 0.815 * | 1 | |||
0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||||||
5. Satisfaction of Personal Development | 675 | 3.2854 | 0.94494 | 0.391 * | 0.533 * | 0.820 * | 0.619 * | 1 | ||
0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||||
6. Satisfaction of University | 675 | 3.0309 | 0.92627 | 0.293 * | 0.467 * | 0.712 * | 0.428 * | 0.470 * | 1 | |
0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||||
7. Satisfaction of School | 675 | 3.0237 | 1.01091 | 0.347 * | 0.562 * | 0.742 * | 0.511 * | 0.445 * | 0.453 * | 1 |
0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Dependent Variable | Independent Variable | Coefficient | t | F | R2 | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | S. Error | ||||||
Satisfaction of Academic Education | Fixed Value | 1.127 | 0.085 | 24.790 | 614.566 | 0.480 | 0.000 * |
Perception of Academic Education | 0.594 | 0.024 | |||||
Satisfaction of Vocational Education | Fixed Value | 0.839 | 0.131 | 16.544 | 273.693 | 0.291 | 0.001 * |
Perception of Academic Education | 0.614 | 0.037 | |||||
Satisfaction of Personal Development | Fixed Value | 1.209 | 0.132 | 16.248 | 264.004 | 0.284 | 0.001 * |
Perception of Academic Education | 0.605 | 0.037 | |||||
Satisfaction of University | Fixed Value | 1.243 | 0.135 | 13.621 | 185.536 | 0.218 | 0.001 * |
Perception of Academic Education | 0.521 | 0.038 | |||||
Satisfaction of School | Fixed Value | 0.672 | 0.138 | 17.514 | 306.747 | 0.315 | 0.001 * |
Perception of Academic Education | 0.684 | 0.039 |
Dependent Variables | Variables | β | S.E. | t | F | R2 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(c) Satisfaction (dependent variable) | Constant | 1.369 | 0.130 | 10.522 | 197.597 | 0.229 | 0.000 * |
Expectation | 0.481 | 0.034 | 14.057 | ||||
Step 1 (a) Perception (dependent variable) | Constant | 1.109 | 0.146 | 7.570 | 260.823 | 0.281 | 0.000 * |
Expectation | 0.623 | 0.039 | 16.150 | ||||
Step 2 (b) Satisfaction (dependent variable) | Constant | 1.127 | 0.085 | 13.313 | 614.566 | 0.480 | 0.000 * |
Perception | 0.594 | 0.024 | 24.790 | ||||
Step 3 (c’) Satisfaction (dependent variable) Expectation (independent variables) Perception (mediating variables) | Constant | 0.788 | 0.110 | 7.192 | 328.552 | 0.497 | 0.000 * |
Perception | 0.155 | 0.033 | 4.754 | ||||
Expectation | 0.424 | 0.028 | 18.831 |
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Akinci, Z.; Yurcu, G.; Kasalak, M.A. The Mediating Role of Perception in the Relationship between Expectation and Satisfaction in Terms of Sustainability in Tourism Education. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2253. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072253
Akinci Z, Yurcu G, Kasalak MA. The Mediating Role of Perception in the Relationship between Expectation and Satisfaction in Terms of Sustainability in Tourism Education. Sustainability. 2018; 10(7):2253. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072253
Chicago/Turabian StyleAkinci, Zeki, Gulseren Yurcu, and Murad Alpaslan Kasalak. 2018. "The Mediating Role of Perception in the Relationship between Expectation and Satisfaction in Terms of Sustainability in Tourism Education" Sustainability 10, no. 7: 2253. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072253