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Pediatric Reports
Volume 3
Issue 1
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Pediatric Reports is published by MDPI from Volume 12 Issue 3 (2020). Previous articles were published by another publisher in Open Access under a CC-BY (or CC-BY-NC-ND) licence, and they are hosted by MDPI on mdpi.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with PAGEPress.

Pediatr. Rep., Volume 3, Issue 1 (February 2011) – 9 articles

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321 KiB  
Article
Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in the Pediatric in-Patients Hematology-Oncology Setting: What Is the Role for Nonpharmacological Prophylaxis?
by Désirée Caselli, Simone Cesaro, Susanna Livadiotti, Ottavio Ziino, Olivia Paolicchi, Giulio Zanazzo, Giuseppe M. Milano, Maria Licciardello, Angelica Barone, Monica Cellini, De Santis Raffaella, Mareva Giacchino, Mario Renato Rossi, Maurizio Aricò and Elio Castagnola
Pediatr. Rep. 2011, 3(1), e9; https://doi.org/10.4081/pr.2011.e9 - 25 Mar 2011
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2
Abstract
The most intensive chemotherapy regimens were used in the past for leukemia patients who were the main focus of trials on infections; today there are increasing numbers of children with solid cancer and considerable risk of infection who do receive intensive stand ard-dose [...] Read more.
The most intensive chemotherapy regimens were used in the past for leukemia patients who were the main focus of trials on infections; today there are increasing numbers of children with solid cancer and considerable risk of infection who do receive intensive stand ard-dose chemotherapy. Despite a continuous will to protect the immune-compromised child from infections, evidence-based indications for intervention by non-pharmacological tools is still lacking in the pediatric hematology-oncology literature. Guidelines on standard precautions as well as precautions to avoid transmission of specific infectious agents are available. As a result of a consensus discussion, the Italian Association for Pediatric Hematology-Oncology (AIEOP) Cooperative Group centers agree that for children treated with chemotherapy both of these approaches should be implemented and vigorously enforced, while additional policies, including strict environmental isolation, should be restricted to patients with selected clinical conditions or complications. We present here a study by the working group on infectious diseases of AIEOP. Full article
69 KiB  
Article
Outpatient Management of Febrile Neutropenia in Children with Cancer
by Ottavio Ziino, Fabio Tucci and Mario Renato Rossi
Pediatr. Rep. 2011, 3(1), e8; https://doi.org/10.4081/pr.2011.e8 - 18 Mar 2011
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 105
Abstract
Optimizing the therapeutic strategies based on the results of randomized studies comparing different regimens led to a better prognosis of nearly all pediatric malignancies during the past four decades. Fever and neutropenia (FN) is a common complication in patients undergoing chemotherapy to treat [...] Read more.
Optimizing the therapeutic strategies based on the results of randomized studies comparing different regimens led to a better prognosis of nearly all pediatric malignancies during the past four decades. Fever and neutropenia (FN) is a common complication in patients undergoing chemotherapy to treat cancer. There is no consensus on when standard therapy can be safely reduced; this lack of consensus leads to important variations in management of FN between different institutions, usually conducted according to local attitudes. To address this issue, the Infection working group of the Italian association for pediatric hematology oncology (AIEOP) organized a consensus meeting. This paper reports the agreement derived from this meeting. Full article
391 KiB  
Article
Laboratory Aid to the Diagnosis and Therapy of Infection in the Neonate
by Gaetano Chirico and Cristina Loda
Pediatr. Rep. 2011, 3(1), e1; https://doi.org/10.4081/pr.2011.e1 - 15 Mar 2011
Cited by 49 | Viewed by 1
Abstract
Despite the advances in perinatal and neonatal care and use of newer potent antibiotics, the incidence of neonatal sepsis remains high and the outcome is still severe. For years, investigators have sought a test or panel of tests able to identify septic neonates [...] Read more.
Despite the advances in perinatal and neonatal care and use of newer potent antibiotics, the incidence of neonatal sepsis remains high and the outcome is still severe. For years, investigators have sought a test or panel of tests able to identify septic neonates accurately and rapidly in order to obtain an early diagnosis and develop a specific effective treatment for a successful outcome. In addition to the standard procedures (blood, CSF, and urine cultures), such panels have included a combination of haematological investigations (total, differential and immature cell counts), and levels of acute-phase reactants (principally CRP and procalcitonin), and cytokines (such as IL-6 or neutrophil CD64). Furthermore, the science of proteomics and genomics has been applied to the search for biomarkers, production of protein profiles and genetic polymorphisms that can rapidly help the prediction, early diagnosis, and treatment of human diseases, but, for now, data are as yet insufficient to confirm their validity. Full article
300 KiB  
Brief Report
Association of Environment and Place of Birth with Asthma in Chinese Immigrant Children
by Doug Brugge, Mark Woodin, Madhuri Indaram, Dora Hui and Michelle Pallela
Pediatr. Rep. 2011, 3(1), e2; https://doi.org/10.4081/pr.2011.e2 - 11 Mar 2011
Viewed by 1
Abstract
Despite the advances in perinatal and neonatal care and use of newer potent antibiotics, the incidence of neonatal sepsis remains high and the outcome is still severe. For years, investigators have sought a test or panel of tests able to identify septic neonates [...] Read more.
Despite the advances in perinatal and neonatal care and use of newer potent antibiotics, the incidence of neonatal sepsis remains high and the outcome is still severe. For years, investigators have sought a test or panel of tests able to identify septic neonates accurately and rapidly in order to obtain an early diagnosis and develop a specific effective treatment for a successful outcome. In addition to the standard procedures (blood, CSF, and urine cultures, chest x-ray), such panels have included a combination of total and differential cell counts, total immature neutrophil counts, immature to total neutrophil ratio, platelet counts, and levels of acute-phase reactants and cytokines. Furthermore, the science of proteomics and genomics has been applied to the search for biomarkers, production of protein profiles and genetic polymorphisms that can rapidly help the prediction, early diagnosis, and treatment of human diseases, but, for now, data are as yet insufficient to confirm their validity. Full article
319 KiB  
Article
Current Evidence of Antifungal Prophylaxis and Therapy in Pediatric Patients
by Mareva Giacchino, Giuseppe Maria Milano, Francesca Carraro, Stefania Bezzio, Anna Pegoraro, Franco Aversa and Simone Cesaro
Pediatr. Rep. 2011, 3(1), e6; https://doi.org/10.4081/pr.2011.e6 - 10 Mar 2011
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections (IFI) are an important complication in pediatric haematological and oncological patients who undergo intensive chemotherapy for leukemia, solid tumour at advanced stage or relapsed, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The incidence of IFI is lower than bacterial infection but mortality [...] Read more.
Invasive fungal infections (IFI) are an important complication in pediatric haematological and oncological patients who undergo intensive chemotherapy for leukemia, solid tumour at advanced stage or relapsed, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The incidence of IFI is lower than bacterial infection but mortality rate remains high. This review is designed to help paediatric oncologists in choosing the appropriate anti-fungal strategy and agents for prophylaxis, empirical, pre-emptive and specific therapy on the basis of published evidence. Full article
298 KiB  
Article
Guidelines for the Management of Bacterial and Fungal Infections during Chemotherapy for Pediatric Acute Leukemia or Solid Tumors: What Is Available in 2010?
by Elio Castagnola, Ilaria Caviglia and Riccardo Haupt
Pediatr. Rep. 2011, 3(1), e7; https://doi.org/10.4081/pr.2011.e7 - 24 Feb 2011
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1
Abstract
Febrile episodes and infections represent important complications during antineoplastic chemotherapy for pediatric neoplastic diseases. In the last years many international association published guidelines for the management of these complications in adults, but no document of this type was prepared for children. One of [...] Read more.
Febrile episodes and infections represent important complications during antineoplastic chemotherapy for pediatric neoplastic diseases. In the last years many international association published guidelines for the management of these complications in adults, but no document of this type was prepared for children. One of the major causes of this situation is probably the very low number of pediatric clinical trials with adequate power and design. The paper summarizes guidelines provided for the management of infectious complications in adults with cancer by different international and will comment on how much they may be translated in the management of pediatric patients. Full article
307 KiB  
Article
Prophylaxis and Therapy of Viral Infections in Pediatric Patients Treated for Malignancy
by Maria Licciardello, Anna Pegoraro and Simone Cesaro
Pediatr. Rep. 2011, 3(1), e5; https://doi.org/10.4081/pr.2011.e5 - 24 Feb 2011
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1
Abstract
Infections are still an important cause of mortality and morbidity in pediatric cancer patients. Most of the febrile episodes in immunocompromised patients are classified as a fever of unknown origin (FUO) while bacteria are the more frequent causes of documented infections. Viral infections [...] Read more.
Infections are still an important cause of mortality and morbidity in pediatric cancer patients. Most of the febrile episodes in immunocompromised patients are classified as a fever of unknown origin (FUO) while bacteria are the more frequent causes of documented infections. Viral infections are also feared during chemotherapy but less data are available on their incidence and morbidity. We reviewed the literature on incidence, morbidity, and mortality of viral infections in children undergoing chemotherapy and discussed the evidence concerning the prophylaxis and the therapy. Full article
259 KiB  
Article
Consensus on Diagnosis and Empiric Antibiotic Therapy of Febrile Neutropenia
by Nagua Giurici and Giulio A. Zanazzo
Pediatr. Rep. 2011, 3(1), e4; https://doi.org/10.4081/pr.2011.e4 - 24 Feb 2011
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1
Abstract
Controversial issues on the management of empiric therapy and diagnosis of febrile neutropenia (FN) were faced by a Consensus Group of the Italian Association of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology (AIEOP). In this paper we report the suggestions of the consensus process regarding the role of [...] Read more.
Controversial issues on the management of empiric therapy and diagnosis of febrile neutropenia (FN) were faced by a Consensus Group of the Italian Association of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology (AIEOP). In this paper we report the suggestions of the consensus process regarding the role of aminoglycosides, glycopeptides and oral antibiotics in empiric therapy of FN, the rules for changing or discontinuing the therapy as well as the timing of the blood cultures. Full article
261 KiB  
Article
Antibacterial Prophylaxis in Neutropenic Children with Cancer
by Angelica Barone
Pediatr. Rep. 2011, 3(1), e3; https://doi.org/10.4081/pr.2011.e3 - 24 Feb 2011
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1
Abstract
During the period of neutropenia induced by chemotherapy, patients have a high risk of infection. The use of antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce neutropenia-related complications in patients with cancer is still disputed. Recent meta-analysis and clinical trials demonstrated that antibiotic prophylaxis with quinolones reduces [...] Read more.
During the period of neutropenia induced by chemotherapy, patients have a high risk of infection. The use of antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce neutropenia-related complications in patients with cancer is still disputed. Recent meta-analysis and clinical trials demonstrated that antibiotic prophylaxis with quinolones reduces febrile episodes, bacterial infections and mortality in adult oncological patients with neutropenia induced by chemotherapy in acute leukaemia. In paediatric patients, the only randomized, double-blind, prospective study until now suggests that amoxicillin/ clavulanate may represent an effective prophylactic treatment in reducing fever and infections in oncological children with neutropenia, with an efficacy that is statistically demonstrated only in patients with acute leukaemia. Considering the risk of resistances, antibioticprophylaxis should be used only in selected patients. Full article
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