Outcomes of COVID-19 and Influenza in Cerebral Palsy Patients Hospitalized in the United States: Comparative Study of a Nationwide Database
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | CP and COVID-19+ | CP and Influenza+ | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | ||
N = 12,025 | 10,560 | 87.82 | 1465 | 12.18 | |
Gender (%) | N | % | N | % | 0.111 |
Female | 4375 | 41.43 | 575 | 39.25 | |
Male | 6185 | 58.57 | 890 | 60.75 | |
Mean Age Years (SD) | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
Female | 51.61 | 17.62 | 46.77 | 18.75 | |
Male | 51.16 | 16.75 | 42.88 | 16.97 | |
AGE Groups (%) | N | % | N | % | <0.001 |
18–29 | 1505 | 14.25 | 395 | 26.96 | |
30–49 | 2985 | 28.27 | 455 | 31.06 | |
50–69 | 4495 | 42.57 | 470 | 32.08 | |
≥70 | 1575 | 14.91 | 145 | 9.9 | |
RACE (%) | N | % | N | % | <0.001 |
Asian or Pacific Islander | 160 | 1.52 | 30 | 2.05 | |
Black | 1815 | 17.19 | 215 | 14.68 | |
Hispanic | 1025 | 9.71 | 205 | 13.99 | |
Native American | 85 | 0.8 | * | * | |
Other | 350 | 3.31 | 55 | 3.75 | |
White | 7125 | 67.47 | 960 | 65.53 | |
MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME (%) | N | % | N | % | 0.494 |
≤51,999 | 3245 | 30.73 | 435 | 29.69 | |
52,000–65,999 | 2890 | 27.37 | 420 | 28.67 | |
66,000–87,999 | 2495 | 23.63 | 330 | 22.53 | |
≥88,000 | 1930 | 18.28 | 280 | 19.11 | |
INSURANCE STATUS (%) | N | % | N | % | <0.001 |
Medicaid | 2600 | 24.62 | 490 | 33.45 | |
Medicare | 6920 | 65.53 | 830 | 56.66 | |
Other | 135 | 1.28 | * | * | |
Private Insurance | 825 | 7.81 | 125 | 8.53 | |
Self-pay | 80 | 0.76 | * | * | |
HOSPITAL DIVISION (%) | N | % | N | % | <0.001 |
East North Central | 2030 | 19.22 | 265 | 18.09 | |
East South Central | 590 | 5.59 | 35 | 2.39 | |
Middle Atlantic | 1880 | 17.8 | 235 | 16.04 | |
Mountain | 520 | 4.92 | 115 | 7.85 | |
New England | 550 | 5.21 | 95 | 6.48 | |
Pacific | 1185 | 11.22 | 195 | 13.31 | |
South Atlantic | 1990 | 18.84 | 215 | 14.68 | |
West North Central | 775 | 7.34 | 135 | 9.22 | |
West South Central | 1040 | 9.85 | 175 | 11.95 | |
HOSPITAL BED SIZE (%) | N | % | N | % | 0.007 |
Large | 4810 | 45.55 | 690 | 47.1 | |
Medium | 3125 | 29.59 | 465 | 31.74 | |
Small | 2625 | 24.86 | 310 | 21.16 | |
HOSPITAL TEACHING STATUS (%) | N | % | N | % | 0.306 |
Rural | 1110 | 10.51 | 145 | 9.9 | |
Urban nonteaching | 1785 | 16.9 | 270 | 18.43 | |
COMORBIDITIES (%) | N | % | N | % | p-value |
HTN | 4430 | 41.95 | 460 | 31.4 | 0.046 |
Diabetes | 2050 | 19.41 | 160 | 10.92 | <0.001 |
Cancer | 185 | 1.75 | 30 | 2.05 | 0.423 |
Obesity | 1645 | 15.58 | 120 | 8.19 | <0.001 |
Drug Misuse | 80 | 0.76 | * | * | 0.755 |
Smoking | 800 | 7.58 | 100 | 6.83 | 0.306 |
Alcohol | 70 | 0.66 | N/A | N/A | 0.93 |
Chronic Pulmonary Disease | 1930 | 18.28 | 380 | 25.94 | <0.001 |
Hypothyroidism | 1675 | 15.86 | 245 | 16.72 | 0.398 |
Autoimmune | 160 | 1.52 | * | * | 0.141 |
Depression | 1355 | 12.83 | 100 | 6.83 | <0.001 |
AIDS | 30 | 0.28 | * | * | 0.703 |
Dementia | 505 | 4.78 | * | * | <0.001 |
Complications | COVID-19 N (%) | Influenza N (%) | Odds Ratio for COVID-19+ | 95% CI Lower Limit | 95% CI Upper Limit | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sudden Cardiac Arrest | 215 (2.04) | ** | 2.00 | 0.61 | 6.57 | 0.256 |
Vasopressor Use | 310 (2.94) | 35 (2.39) | 1.16 | 0.52 | 2.59 | 0.712 |
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) | 1995 (18.89) | 190 (12.97) | 1.32 | 0.91 | 1.91 | 0.139 |
Invasive Mechanical Ventilation | 1410 (13.35) | 170 (11.6) | 1.25 | 0.84 | 1.85 | 0.267 |
Non-Invasive Mechanical Ventilation | 610 (5.78) | 105 (7.17) | 0.78 | 0.48 | 1.28 | 0.322 |
Hemodialysis | 145 (1.37) | 20 (1.37) | 0.66 | 0.22 | 1.98 | 0.455 |
Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) | 425 (4.02) | 35 (2.39) | 1.71 | 0.78 | 3.74 | 0.179 |
Tracheostomy | 110 (1.04) | 30 (2.05) | 0.60 | 0.24 | 1.51 | 0.276 |
Seizures | 4620 (43.75) | 815 (55.63) | 0.80 | 0.62 | 1.04 | 0.095 |
Cardiac Dysrhythmia | 850 (8.05) | 95 (6.48) | 0.92 | 0.55 | 1.54 | 0.749 |
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) | 535 (5.07) | 35 (2.39) | 1.96 | 0.89 | 4.29 | 0.094 |
Mean Inflation-Adjusted Cost ($) * | $23,447.62 * | $19,337.74 * | - | - | - | 0.004 |
Mean Length of Stay (Days) ^ | 9.46 ^ | 7.19 ^ | - | - | - | <0.001 |
In Hospital Mortality (N = 1185) | 1140 (10.8) | 45 (3.07) | 3.21 | 1.62 | 6.36 | 0.001 |
Disposition | <0.001 | |||||
Against Medical Advice | 45 (0.43) | ** | - | - | - | |
Home Health Care | 1580 (14.96) | 240 (16.38) | - | - | - | |
Routine | 4185 (39.63) | 830 (56.66) | - | - | - | |
Transfer Other | 3395 (32.15) | 310 (21.16) | - | - | - | - |
Transfer to a Short-Term Hospital | 210 (1.99) | 30 (2.05) | - | - | - | - |
Complications | COVID-19 N (%) | Influenza N (%) | Odds Ratio for COVID-19+ | 95% CI Lower Limit | 95% CI Upper Limit | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sudden Cardiac Arrest | 20 (1.37) | ** | 1.23 | 0.26 | 5.82 | 0.798 |
Vasopressor use | 35 (2.39) | 35 (2.39) | 1.01 | 0.35 | 2.94 | 0.985 |
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) | 190 (12.97) | 190 (12.97) | 1.01 | 0.62 | 1.65 | 0.968 |
Invasive Mechanical Ventilation | 225 (15.36) | 170 (11.6) | 1.36 | 0.84 | 2.22 | 0.210 |
Non-Invasive Mechanical Ventilation | 55 (3.75) | 105 (7.17) | 0.46 | 0.21 | 0.99 | 0.048 |
Hemodialysis | ** | 20 (1.37) | 0.57 | 0.10 | 3.15 | 0.517 |
Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) | 45 (3.07) | 35 (2.39) | 1.46 | 0.52 | 4.14 | 0.471 |
Tracheostomy | ** | 30 (2.05) | 0.54 | 0.13 | 2.20 | 0.389 |
Seizures | 730 (49.8) | 815 (55.63) | 0.71 | 0.50 | 1.01 | 0.057 |
Cardiac Dysrhythmia | 40 (2.73) | 95 (6.48) | 0.35 | 0.15 | 0.85 | 0.020 |
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) | 70 (4.78) | 35 (2.39) | 2.05 | 0.81 | 5.18 | 0.130 |
Mean Inflation-Adjusted Cost ($) * | $24,058.25 * | $19,337.74 * | - | - | - | 0.004 |
Mean Length of Stay (Days) * | 9.95 * | 7.19 * | - | - | - | <0.001 |
In Hospital Mortality (N = 1185) | 125 (8.5) | 45 (3.07) | 2.97 | 1.35 | 6.56 | 0.007 |
Disposition | <0.001 | |||||
Against Medical Advice | ** | ** | - | - | - | |
Home Health Care | 230 (15.7) | 240 (16.38) | - | - | - | |
Routine | 700 (47.78) | 830 (56.66) | - | - | - | |
Transfer Other | 355 (24.23) | 310 (21.16) | - | - | - | - |
Transfer to a Short-Term Hospital | 50 (3.41) | 30 (2.05) | - | - | - | - |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Quazi, M.A.; Shakir, M.H.; Faiz, Z.; Quraishi, I.; Nasrullah, A.; Ikram, H.A.; Sohail, A.H.; Sultan, S.; Sheikh, A.B. Outcomes of COVID-19 and Influenza in Cerebral Palsy Patients Hospitalized in the United States: Comparative Study of a Nationwide Database. Viruses 2024, 16, 1284. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16081284
Quazi MA, Shakir MH, Faiz Z, Quraishi I, Nasrullah A, Ikram HA, Sohail AH, Sultan S, Sheikh AB. Outcomes of COVID-19 and Influenza in Cerebral Palsy Patients Hospitalized in the United States: Comparative Study of a Nationwide Database. Viruses. 2024; 16(8):1284. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16081284
Chicago/Turabian StyleQuazi, Mohammed A., Muhammad Hassan Shakir, Zohaa Faiz, Ibrahim Quraishi, Adeel Nasrullah, Hafiz Abdullah Ikram, Amir H Sohail, Sulaiman Sultan, and Abu Baker Sheikh. 2024. "Outcomes of COVID-19 and Influenza in Cerebral Palsy Patients Hospitalized in the United States: Comparative Study of a Nationwide Database" Viruses 16, no. 8: 1284. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16081284
APA StyleQuazi, M. A., Shakir, M. H., Faiz, Z., Quraishi, I., Nasrullah, A., Ikram, H. A., Sohail, A. H., Sultan, S., & Sheikh, A. B. (2024). Outcomes of COVID-19 and Influenza in Cerebral Palsy Patients Hospitalized in the United States: Comparative Study of a Nationwide Database. Viruses, 16(8), 1284. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16081284