Intravenous Infection of Small Ruminants Suggests a Goat-Restricted Host Tropism and Weak Humoral Immune Response for an Atypical Bluetongue Virus Isolate
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics
2.2. Animals and Virus
2.3. Infection and Sampling
2.4. Analyses on EDTA-Blood Samples and Swabs
2.5. Virus Isolation and Titration
2.6. Analyses on Serum Samples
3. Results
3.1. Subcutaneous Infection Did Not Elicit a Productive Infection
3.2. Intravenous Infection Elicited a Productive Infection Only in Goats
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Competitor | Cut-off for Positivity/Negativity | Initial Serum Dilution | Sensitivity (C.I. 95%) | Specificity (C.I. 95%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Anti-BTV VP-7 monoclonal antibody conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (Mab-HRP) | Results are expressed as percent inhibition using the following formula: (mean OD test serum/mean OD of the Mab) × 100. Sera with a percent inhibition value > 50% are considered negative; sera with a percent inhibition value ≤ 50% are considered positive. | Sera are not diluted | 100% (95–100%) | 100% (97.6–100%) |
Days Post-Infection | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Goat id | 0 | 4 | 7 | 11 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 21 | 23 | 25 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 35 | 37 | 39 | 44 | 51 | 58 | 65 | 72 | 79 | 86 | 93 | 100 | 107 | 114 | 121 | 128 | 135 |
G21 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 31 | 29 | 29 | 31 | 31 | 30 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 32 | 30 | 29 | 30 | 29 | 36 | 32 | 32 | 34 | 34 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 34 | 32 | 34 | 33 | 36 |
G22 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 31 | 32 | 30 | 32 | 31 | 31 | 33 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 34 | 35 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 33 | 33 | 36 | 34 | 35 | 33 | 36 | 33 | 37 |
G23 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 33 | 31 | 33 | 31 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 33 | 32 | 31 | 33 | 35 | 34 | 35 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 35 | 38 | 36 | 33 | 38 | 34 | 37 |
Mean Ct | 45.0 | 45.0 | 45.0 | 29.3 | 28.3 | 28.7 | 31.7 | 31.3 | 31.0 | 31.7 | 31.3 | 31.3 | 32.3 | 31.3 | 30.3 | 30.3 | 32.0 | 35.3 | 33.0 | 33.7 | 34.3 | 33.7 | 33.3 | 35.0 | 35.7 | 35.0 | 32.7 | 36.0 | 33.3 | 36.7 |
Days Post-Infection | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Goat id | 0 | 4 | 7 | 11 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 21 | 23 | 25 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 35 | 37 | 39 | 44 | 51 | 58 | 65 | 72 | 79 | 86 | 93 | 100 | 107 | 114 | 121 | 128 | 135 |
G21 | neg | neg | neg | neg | neg | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos |
G22 | neg | neg | neg | neg | neg | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos |
G23 | neg | neg | neg | neg | neg | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos | pos |
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Spedicato, M.; Di Teodoro, G.; Teodori, L.; Iorio, M.; Leone, A.; Bonfini, B.; Testa, L.; Pisciella, M.; Casaccia, C.; Portanti, O.; et al. Intravenous Infection of Small Ruminants Suggests a Goat-Restricted Host Tropism and Weak Humoral Immune Response for an Atypical Bluetongue Virus Isolate. Viruses 2023, 15, 257. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15010257
Spedicato M, Di Teodoro G, Teodori L, Iorio M, Leone A, Bonfini B, Testa L, Pisciella M, Casaccia C, Portanti O, et al. Intravenous Infection of Small Ruminants Suggests a Goat-Restricted Host Tropism and Weak Humoral Immune Response for an Atypical Bluetongue Virus Isolate. Viruses. 2023; 15(1):257. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15010257
Chicago/Turabian StyleSpedicato, Massimo, Giovanni Di Teodoro, Liana Teodori, Mariangela Iorio, Alessandra Leone, Barbara Bonfini, Lilia Testa, Maura Pisciella, Claudia Casaccia, Ottavio Portanti, and et al. 2023. "Intravenous Infection of Small Ruminants Suggests a Goat-Restricted Host Tropism and Weak Humoral Immune Response for an Atypical Bluetongue Virus Isolate" Viruses 15, no. 1: 257. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15010257
APA StyleSpedicato, M., Di Teodoro, G., Teodori, L., Iorio, M., Leone, A., Bonfini, B., Testa, L., Pisciella, M., Casaccia, C., Portanti, O., Rossi, E., Di Febo, T., Ferri, N., Savini, G., & Lorusso, A. (2023). Intravenous Infection of Small Ruminants Suggests a Goat-Restricted Host Tropism and Weak Humoral Immune Response for an Atypical Bluetongue Virus Isolate. Viruses, 15(1), 257. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15010257