Coarse Woody Debris Variability Due to Human Accessibility to Forest
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Accessibility CWD Classes and CWD Amount
3.2. Components of CWD
3.3. Decay Class of CWD
3.4. Species of CWD
3.5. Diameter of CWD
3.6. RSS, RDT, RST, RDW and RDS
4. Discussion
4.1. Human Accessibility Classes and CWD Amount
4.2. Components of CWD
4.3. Decay Class of CWD
4.4. Species of CWD
4.5. Diameter of CWD
4.6. RSS, RDT, RST, RDW and RDS
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Slope (%) | Slope Direction | Road Type | No of Sample Plots in Total | No of Sample Plots Selected for Study | HAC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
<20 | Flat | Adjacent Open | 30 | 30 | EAC |
<20 | Flat | Adjacent Closed | 1 | 0 | - |
<20 | Flat | Not Adjacent | 2 | 0 | - |
20–40 | Uphill | Adjacent Open | 2 | 0 | - |
20–40 | Uphill | Adjacent Closed | 3 | 0 | - |
20–40 | Uphill | Not Adjacent | 2 | 0 | - |
20–40 | Downhill | Adjacent Open | 3 | 0 | - |
20–40 | Downhill | Adjacent Closed | 45 | 30 | MAC |
20–40 | Downhill | Not Adjacent | 3 | 0 | - |
>40 | Uphill | Adjacent Open | 3 | 0 | - |
>40 | Uphill | Adjacent Closed | 4 | 0 | - |
>40 | Uphill | Not Adjacent | 43 | 30 | DAC |
>40 | Downhill | Adjacent Open | 3 | 0 | - |
>40 | Downhill | Adjacent Closed | 3 | 0 | - |
>40 | Downhill | Not Adjacent | 3 | 0 | - |
HAC | Slope (%) | Slope Direction | Road Type |
---|---|---|---|
EAC | <20 | Flat | Adjacent, open |
MAC | 20–40 | Downhill | Adjacent, closed |
DAC | >40 | Uphill | Not adjacent |
Types | Decay class | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Character | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
Snags | Leaves | Present | Absent | Absent | Absent | As logs |
Bark | Tight | Loose | Partly present | Absent | ||
Crown, branches and twigs | All present | Only branches present | Only large branch stubs present | Absent | ||
Bole | Recently dead | Standing, firm | Standing, decayed | Heavily decayed, Soft and block structure | ||
Indirect measure | Cambium still fresh, died <1 year | Cambium decayed, knife blade penetrates a few millimetres | Knife blade penetrates <2 cm | Knife blade penetrates 2–5 cm | Knife blade penetrates all the way | |
Logs | Structural integrity | Sound | Sapwood slightly rotting, heartwood sound | Sapwood missing, heartwood mostly sound | Heartwood decayed | Soft |
Leaves | Present | Absent | Absent | Absent | Absent | |
Branches | All twigs present | Larger twigs present | Larger branches present | Branch stubs present | Absent | |
Bark | Present | Present | Often present | Often present | Absent | |
Bole shape | Round | Round | Round | Round to oval | Oval to flat | |
Wood consistency | Solid | Solid | Semisolid | Partly soft | Fragmented, powdery | |
Colour of wood | Original colour | Original colour | Original colour to faded | Original colour to faded | Heavily faded | |
Portion of log on ground | Elevated on support point | Elevated on support point | Near or on ground | Whole log on ground | Whole log on ground | |
Indirect measure | Cambium still fresh, died | Cambium decayed, knife blade penetrates a few mm | Knife blade penetrates <2 cm | Knife blade penetrates 2–5 cm | Knife blade penetrates all the way | |
Stumps | Indirect measure | Cambium still fresh, died <1 year | Cambium decayed, knife blade penetrates a few mm | Knife blade penetrates <2 cm | Knife blade penetrates 2–5 cm | Knife blade penetrates all the way |
HAC | Area of HAC (ha) | Tree Density 1 (stem ha−1) | Stand Volume 1 (m3 ha−1) |
---|---|---|---|
EAC | 25.0 | 166.1 ± 23.2 | 309.2 ± 31.7 a |
MAC | 74.2 | 169.0 ± 22.8 | 262.8 ± 25.3 b |
DAC | 53.1 | 171.5 ± 19.8 | 298.6 ± 28.6 a |
F-value | - | 0.386 N.S. | 21.463 ** |
HAC | Snag | Downed Log | Stump | Total (CWD) |
---|---|---|---|---|
EAC | 0.90 ± 0.28 c | 1.96 ± 0.29 c | 1.17 ± 1.07 | 4.03 ± 1.17 c |
(22.3%) | (48.6%) | (29.1%) | ||
MAC | 4.11 ± 0.72 b | 3.01 ± 0.54 b | 1.72 ± 1.29 | 8.84 ± 1.54 b |
(46.5%) | (34.0%) | (19.5%) | ||
DAC | 8.24 ± 1.13 a | 5.23 ± 0.59 a | 1.40 ± 1.01 | 14.87 ± 1.31 a |
(55.4%) | (35.2%) | (9.4%) | ||
ANOVA | ||||
F-value | 645.4 | 342.6 | 1.78 | 485.5 |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.174 | <0.001 |
HAC | DC1 | DC2 | DC3 | DC4 | DC5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
EAC | 0.35 ± 0.10 c | 0.36 ± 0.13 b | 0.72 ± 0.21 b | 1.08 ± 0.28 b | 1.52 ± 0.31 b |
(8.7%) | (9.0%) | (17.9%) | (26.8%) | (37.7%) | |
MAC | 0.78 ± 0.26 b | 1.02 ± 0.34 a | 1.11 ± 0.19 b | 2.59 ± 0.49 a | 3.34 ± 0.34 a |
(8.8%) | (11.5%) | (12.6%) | (29.3%) | (37.8%) | |
DAC | 2.52 ± 0.58 a | 1.15 ± 0.23 a | 4.23 ± 0.46 a | 2.87 ± 0.41 a | 4.10 ± 0.34 a |
(16.9%) | (7.7%) | (28.4%) | (19.3% | (27.6%) | |
ANOVA | |||||
F-value | 266.7 | 87.9 | 1133.5 | 170.7 | 383.6 |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0<.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Tree Species | EAC | MAC | DAC | F-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beech | 3.10 ± 0.39 c | 6.13 ± 1.24 b | 9.40 ± 1.62 a | 218.8 | <0.001 |
(76.0%) | (69.3%) | (63.2%) | |||
Hornbeam | 0.62 ± 0.18 c | 1.22 ± 0.30 b | 3.13 ± 0.91 a | 173.2 | <0.001 |
(15.2%) | (14.6%) | (21.0%) | |||
Alder | 0.22 ± 0.05 c | 0.64 ± 0.20 b | 1.20 ± 0.55 a | 64.8 | <0.001 |
(5.4%) | (7.7%) | (8.1%) | |||
Maple | 0.09 ± 0.04 c | 0.50 ± 0.18 b | 0.72 ± 0.26 a | 95.4 | <0.001 |
(2.2) | (6.0) | (4.8) | |||
Other Sp. | 0.05 ± 0.02 b | 0.35 ± 0.15 a | 0.42 ± 0.11 a | 88.0 | <0.001 |
(1.2%) | (4.2%) | (2.8%) |
CWD Component | HAC | Diameter of CWD (cm) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7.5–25 | 26–50 | 51–75 | 76–100 | LINE SUM | ||
Snag | EAC | 0.05 ± 0.03 b | 0.09 ± 0.04 b | 0.15 ± 0.07 c | 0.67 ± 0.09 c | 0.96 |
MAC | 0.25 ± 0.09 b | 0.38 ± 0.13 b | 0.63 ± 0.11 b | 2.85 ± 0.39 b | 4.11 | |
DAC | 0.87 ± 0.19 a | 1.05 ± 0.30 a | 1.66 ± 0.27 a | 4.66 ± 0.67 a | 8.24 | |
ANOVA | F-value | 361.2 | 200.8 | 583.4 | 580.3 | |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
Downed log | EAC | 0.09 ± 0.06 c | 0.19 ± 0.06 b,c | 0.25 ± 0.09 c | 1.43 ± 0.06 b | 1.96 |
MAC | 0.25 ± 0.07 a,b | 0.47 ± 0.08 a,b | 0.77 ± 0.11 b | 1.52 ± 0.14 b | 3.01 | |
DAC | 0.48 ± 0.14 a,b | 0.79 ± 0.18 a | 1.21 ± 0.14 a | 2.75 ± 0.44 a | 5.23 | |
ANOVA | F-value | 122.5 | 173.0 | 484.9 | 546.2 | |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
Stump | EAC | 0.09 ± 0.08 | 0.25 ± 0.08 b | 0.40 ± 0.08 b | 0.43 ± 0.07 c | 1.17 |
MAC | 0.11 ± 0.07 | 0.39 ± 0.10 a | 0.55 ± 0.09 a | 0.67 ± 0.09 a | 1.72 | |
DAC | 0.09 ± 0.05 | 0.30 ± 0.08 a | 0.46 ± 0.12 b | 0.55 ± 0.09 b | 1.40 | |
ANOVA | F-value | 1.3 | 20.7 | 14.6 | 52.2 | |
p-value | 0.270 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
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Behjou, F.K.; Lo Monaco, A.; Tavankar, F.; Venanzi, R.; Nikooy, M.; Mederski, P.S.; Picchio, R. Coarse Woody Debris Variability Due to Human Accessibility to Forest. Forests 2018, 9, 509. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9090509
Behjou FK, Lo Monaco A, Tavankar F, Venanzi R, Nikooy M, Mederski PS, Picchio R. Coarse Woody Debris Variability Due to Human Accessibility to Forest. Forests. 2018; 9(9):509. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9090509
Chicago/Turabian StyleBehjou, Farshad Keivan, Angela Lo Monaco, Farzam Tavankar, Rachele Venanzi, Mehrdad Nikooy, Piotr S. Mederski, and Rodolfo Picchio. 2018. "Coarse Woody Debris Variability Due to Human Accessibility to Forest" Forests 9, no. 9: 509. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9090509