Policies Drive Sub-National Forest Transitions in Vietnam
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Conceptual Framework
2.1. Forest Transition and Its Drivers
2.2. The Appropriate Scale for FT Analysis
2.3. The Role of Policies
2.3.1. Structural Changes
2.3.2. General Policies
2.3.3. Sector-Specific Policies
3. Study Context and Data
3.1. The National Introduction of Market-Liberal Reforms
3.2. Study Areas
3.2.1. Lam Dong Province
3.2.2. Bac Kan Province
3.3. Data Sources
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Forest Cover Trends
4.2. Structural Changes
4.3. General Policies
4.4. Sector-Specific Policies
5. Synthesis and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Theme | Lam Dong | Bac Kan |
---|---|---|
Forest developments | Data: www.kiemlam.org.vn Studies: De Koninck [44]; Meyfroidt and Lambin [15], Meyfroidt, Vu [43] | Data: www.kiemlam.org.vn Studies: Castella and Verburg [96]; Nikolic, Schultze-Kraft [97] |
Tenure and land use planning | Studies: McElwee [85]; SNV [83]; Salemink [98] | Studies: Castella and Dang [58]; Tachibana, Nguyen [41]; Castella, Boissau [81]; |
Agriculture and forest policies | Studies: Déry [68]; D’haeze, Deckers [49]; Agergaard, Fold [75]; SNV [83]; Tran [93]; Hoang, Pham [99]; Tan [77]; [100]; McElwee [85]; Enright [101]; Ogonowski and Enright [94]; Meyfroidt, Vu [43]; Vu Tien Dien and Grais [82]; DARD [86]; Tinh, Tuan [102]; Trædal, Vedeld [84]; Trædal and Vedeld [69] | Studies: Pandey and van Minh (1998); Minot and Goletti [46]; Tachibana, Nguyen [41]; Zingerli, Castella [92]; Sadoulet, Castella [64]; Fatoux, Castella [62]; Castella, Boissau [103]; Bernard, Minang [104]; DARD [91] |
General development | Data: GSO (Living Standard Study) [70]; PCI [74] Studies: Salemink [98] | Data: GSO (Living Standard Study) [70]; PCI [74] Studies: Castella, Manh [80]; Castella, Dang [105]; Castella, Tronche [106] |
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Frontier Areas (Lam Dong) | Forest-Agriculture Mosaics (Bac Kan) |
---|---|
Land scarcity | Forest scarcity |
High economic returns on land (agric. land rent) | Environmental services scarcity |
Environmental services scarcity | Economic development |
Population growth | Diminishing agric. rents |
Market integration | Urbanization |
Province (Total Land Area, ha) | Forest Cover (ha) | Annual Change | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1999 | 2011 | ha | pct. | |
Lam Dong (978,300) | ||||
Total Forest | 618,537 | 598,192 | −1695 | −0.28 |
-Natural Forest | 591,210 | 532,399 | −4901 | −0.87 |
-Plantations | 27,327 | 65,794 | 3205 | 7.60 |
Bac Kan (486,000) | ||||
Total Forest | 235,247 | 296,947 | 5141 | 1.96 |
-Natural Forest | 224,114 | 226,736 | 219 | 0.10 |
-Plantations | 11,133 | 70,211 | 4923 | 16.59 |
Lam Dong (Frontier) | Bac Kan (Mosaic) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
1999 | 2012 | 1999 | 2012 | |
Population (‘000) | 1005 | 1232 | 276 | 303 |
Population density (per km2) | 102.9 | 126.1 | 56.8 | 62.4 |
Monthly per capita real income (USD) | 17.5 | 79.8 | 7.9 | 49.2 |
Lam Dong (Frontier) | Bac Kan (Mosaic) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Structural changes and post-doi moi policies | Population growth | Land scarcity (−) Forest scarcity (more illegal activities) (?) | Land scarcity (−) Forest scarcity (+) |
Commodity market | Coffee price increase. Higher agric. rent | Development of a pulp and paper industry. Forest scarcity (more forest plantations) (+) | |
Urbanization | Limited effect (0) | Limited effect (0) | |
General policies | Market liberalization (late 1980s) | New Economic Zone. Perennial crops for global market. Higher agric. rent (−) | Still subsistence oriented (paddy) (0) |
Land tenure reforms (1991/1993) | Devolution of agric. land rights/illegal expansion into forest land (−) | Individualization of land rights (both agric and forest) higher agric. rent (−) but also incentives for tree planting (+) | |
Migration policies (1975-) | Extensive in-migration causing land scarcity (−) | Limited (0) | |
Agricultural policies | Government support to perennial crop production (mid 80s). Higher agric. rents (−) | Intensification (2–3 crops per year) (mid 80s). Reduced agric. rent on marginal lands (+) | |
Sector- specific policies | Regulation of activities | Ban on logging: Reduced state-led logging, but more illegal activities (?) | Ban on shifting agriculture: Assumed positive, but continued illegal logging (?) |
Tree plantations (1993/97) | Limited/limiting negative trend of forest loss (+) | Tree planting (+) | |
Protected areas | Establishment of national parks (2004/2005) (risk of leakage) (?0) | Establishment of national parks (2011). Indirect effects due to terrain (risk of leakage) (?0) | |
PES (2005) | Intensified patrolling/control assumed positive. Opportunity costs outperform PES payments (+?) | Limited (not fully implemented) (0) |
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Trædal, L.T.; Angelsen, A. Policies Drive Sub-National Forest Transitions in Vietnam. Forests 2020, 11, 1038. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11101038
Trædal LT, Angelsen A. Policies Drive Sub-National Forest Transitions in Vietnam. Forests. 2020; 11(10):1038. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11101038
Chicago/Turabian StyleTrædal, Leif Tore, and Arild Angelsen. 2020. "Policies Drive Sub-National Forest Transitions in Vietnam" Forests 11, no. 10: 1038. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11101038
APA StyleTrædal, L. T., & Angelsen, A. (2020). Policies Drive Sub-National Forest Transitions in Vietnam. Forests, 11(10), 1038. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11101038