Near-Surface-Defect Detection in Countersunk Head Riveted Joints Based on High-Frequency EMAT
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- The propagation of ultrasonic waves in a CHRJ with a defect is analyzed using the theory of the reflection and transmission of ultrasonic waves.
- The principle of defect-echo generation is studied using the FES, and the relationship between the defect depth and the reflection coefficient is investigated.
- An experimental verification of the simulation results was performed, the experimental signal was processed using the WTD, and the simulation results were in good agreement with the experimental results.
2. Theory
2.1. Propagation of Ultrasonic Waves in the CHRJ with a Defect
2.2. High-Frequency Transverse-Wave EMAT for the CHRJ
3. FES of Defect Detection
3.1. Modeling
3.2. Simulation Results
4. Experiments
4.1. Experiment Setup
4.2. Signal Process Based on WTD
4.3. Results and Discussion
5. Conclusions and Future Works
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Name | Meaning |
---|---|
ADe | Amplitude of defect echo |
AFbe | Amplitude of the first bottom echo |
E | Total energy of the ultrasonic waves |
r | Reflection coefficient |
t | Transmission coefficient |
a | Energy-loss coefficient |
Name | Meaning |
---|---|
dax | Axial resolution |
c | Wave speed |
n | Cycles of the ultrasonic wave |
f | Frequency |
h | Distance between the defect and the upper surface |
Name | Meaning |
---|---|
Flor | Lorenz force in the specimen |
Jind | Current density of induced eddy currents in the specimen |
Bstatic | Magnetic flux intensity of static magnetic field |
Jre | Current density in the conductor during reception |
η | Conductivity of the specimen |
v | Velocity of the particle in the specimen |
Object | Name | Value |
---|---|---|
RITEC RPR4000 | Frequency | 10 MHz |
Cycles | 3 | |
Excitement peak voltage | 500 V | |
Gain | 72.4 dB | |
Passband of filter | 800 kHz–22 MHz | |
Oscilloscope | Sampling rate | 100 MHz |
Average number of samples | 256 | |
Data-acquisition resolution | 10 ns |
Object | Name | Value |
---|---|---|
Cylindrical magnet | Height | 40 mm |
Radius | 15 mm | |
Material | N52 | |
Residual magnetic flux density | 1.48 T | |
Distance from magnet to coil | 0.1 mm | |
Spiral coil | Spacing | 10 mil |
Line width | 5 mil | |
Number of turns | 18 | |
Radius | 5 mm | |
Copper thickness | 0.5 oz | |
Number of layers | 2 | |
Lift-off | 0.02 mm |
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Zhang, S.; Xu, J.; Yang, X.; Lin, H. Near-Surface-Defect Detection in Countersunk Head Riveted Joints Based on High-Frequency EMAT. Materials 2023, 16, 3998. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16113998
Zhang S, Xu J, Yang X, Lin H. Near-Surface-Defect Detection in Countersunk Head Riveted Joints Based on High-Frequency EMAT. Materials. 2023; 16(11):3998. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16113998
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Shuchang, Jiang Xu, Xin Yang, and Hui Lin. 2023. "Near-Surface-Defect Detection in Countersunk Head Riveted Joints Based on High-Frequency EMAT" Materials 16, no. 11: 3998. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16113998