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Volume 14
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10.3390/ma14206216
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Article

Mud-Based Construction Material: Promising Properties of French Gravel Wash Mud Mixed with Byproducts, Seashells and Fly Ash as a Binder

by
Yassine El Mendili
1,*,
Manal Bouasria
1,
Mohammed-Hichem Benzaama
1,
Fouzia Khadraoui
1,
Malo Le Guern
1,
Daniel Chateigner
2,
Stéphanie Gascoin
2 and
Jean-François Bardeau
3
1
Laboratoire ESITC, COMUE Normandie Université, 1 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 14610 Epron, France
2
CRISMAT-ENSICAEN, UMR CNRS 6508, ENSICAEN, Université de Caen Normandie, 6 Boulevard Maréchal Juin, 14050 Caen, France
3
Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR CNRS 6283, Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2021, 14(20), 6216; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14206216
Submission received: 1 October 2021 / Revised: 13 October 2021 / Accepted: 14 October 2021 / Published: 19 October 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current State of Coal Fly Ash Utilization: Characterization and Application)
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Abstract

The French gravel industry produces approximatively 6.5 million tons of gravel wash mud each year. This material offers very promising properties which require an in-depth characterization study before its use as a construction material, otherwise it is removed from value cycles by disposal in landfills. We examined the suitability of gravel wash mud and seashells, with fly ash as a binder, as an unfired earth construction material. Thermal and mechanical characterizations of the smart mixture composed of gravel wash mud, Crepidula fornicata shells and fly ash are performed. The new specimens exhibit high compressive strengths compared to usual earth construction materials, which appears as a good opportunity for a reduction in the thickness of walls. The use of fly ash and Crepidula shells in addition to gravel wash mud provides high silica and calcium contents, which both react with clay, leading to the formation of tobermorite and Al-tobermorite as a result of a pozzolanic reaction. Considering the reduction in porosity and improvements in strength, these new materials are good candidates to contribute significantly to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and reduce carbon emissions.
Keywords: earth construction; gravel wash mud; byproducts; thermal properties; mechanical performance earth construction; gravel wash mud; byproducts; thermal properties; mechanical performance

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MDPI and ACS Style

El Mendili, Y.; Bouasria, M.; Benzaama, M.-H.; Khadraoui, F.; Le Guern, M.; Chateigner, D.; Gascoin, S.; Bardeau, J.-F. Mud-Based Construction Material: Promising Properties of French Gravel Wash Mud Mixed with Byproducts, Seashells and Fly Ash as a Binder. Materials 2021, 14, 6216. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14206216

AMA Style

El Mendili Y, Bouasria M, Benzaama M-H, Khadraoui F, Le Guern M, Chateigner D, Gascoin S, Bardeau J-F. Mud-Based Construction Material: Promising Properties of French Gravel Wash Mud Mixed with Byproducts, Seashells and Fly Ash as a Binder. Materials. 2021; 14(20):6216. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14206216

Chicago/Turabian Style

El Mendili, Yassine, Manal Bouasria, Mohammed-Hichem Benzaama, Fouzia Khadraoui, Malo Le Guern, Daniel Chateigner, Stéphanie Gascoin, and Jean-François Bardeau. 2021. "Mud-Based Construction Material: Promising Properties of French Gravel Wash Mud Mixed with Byproducts, Seashells and Fly Ash as a Binder" Materials 14, no. 20: 6216. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14206216

APA Style

El Mendili, Y., Bouasria, M., Benzaama, M.-H., Khadraoui, F., Le Guern, M., Chateigner, D., Gascoin, S., & Bardeau, J.-F. (2021). Mud-Based Construction Material: Promising Properties of French Gravel Wash Mud Mixed with Byproducts, Seashells and Fly Ash as a Binder. Materials, 14(20), 6216. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14206216

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