Relationship of Surface and Bulk Resistivity in the Case of Mechanically Damaged Fibre Reinforced Red Ceramic Waste Aggregate Concrete
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Evaluation of the application and the precision of two advanced non-destructive tests (NDT) on the new types of specimens and comparison to the standard cylindrical specimens;
- Investigation of SLWAC electrical properties related to a different amount of steel fibre;
- Investigation of SLWAC electrical properties of differently loaded samples;
- Investigation of SLWAC electrical properties in the combination of those two groups (different amount of fibre and different mechanical damage);
- Evaluation of the experimental correlation of the bulk and surface resistivity of concrete on all types of the SLWAC mixtures.
2. Materials and Preparation of Specimens
2.1. Used Materials and Mixture Composition
2.2. Characteristics of the Mixture
2.3. Preparation of Specimens
2.4. Loading and Cutting of Samples
3. Methodology of Resistivity Measurements
3.1. Surface Resistivity
3.2. Bulk Resistivity
3.3. Correlation Between the Surface and Bulk Resistivity
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Results of Surface Resistivity
4.2. Results of Bulk Resistivity
4.3. Correction Ratio and Correlation of Results
5. Conclusions
- 1.
- Measuring the surface resistivity is indisputably very advantageous because the construction does not need to be destroyed for the test. However, it is necessary to consider the correction ratio between surface and bulk resistivity, namely for determining the diffusion coefficient, where the bulk resistivity is an essential input into the calculation. The determination of the correction ratio should be of high interest in the case of other concrete mixtures tested by the surface resistivity method to predict their durability.
- 2.
- In this study, the correction ratio and correlation in terms of the coefficient of determination of bulk and surface resistivity of the SLWAC were investigated, finding:
- (a)
- The correction ratio of standard cylinder samples is in proper agreement with the previous research study regardless of the volume of fibre.
- (b)
- Correction ratios of plates with the different values of preliminary load and different amount of fibre have more significant scattering (between 2.12 and 4.03), and it is related to the load damage and the amount of fibre.
- (c)
- The coefficient of determination of cylindrical samples between SR and BR is 0.9898. In the case of the plates, the coefficient of determination is 0.814 without the consideration of amount of fibre and the load value.
- (d)
- Both bulk and surface electrical resistivity are well correlated for standard cylinders, for non-loaded or 50% loaded plates samples, also for plates with 0% and 1% of fibre content, as evidenced by the high value of the coefficient of determination.
- (e)
- Conversely, for the plates containing 1.5% of fibre and plates loaded to 100%, the coefficient of determination is very low and shows a very low correlation. These conclusions deserve further research also in the case of other reinforced waste aggregate mixtures.
- 3.
- It can be observed that the resistivity is also correlated to the compressive strength. Based on results found in [5], the compressive strength was lower in the case of 1.0% of fibre and the same tendency can be seen in the case of resistivity. It would be desirable to evaluate the influence of compressive strength to resistivity in the case of SLWAC and also other waste concrete mixtures.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Composition | Quantity (kg∙m−3) | Absorbed Water (kg∙m−3) |
---|---|---|
WRCFA-dry | 378.38 | 322.33 |
ECCA-dry | 247.07 | 138.98 |
Cement | 320.49 | - |
CCCSF, Vf = 0.0% | 0.0 | - |
CCCSF, Vf = 1.0% | 78.0 | - |
CCCSF, Vf = 1.5% | 117.0 | - |
Amount of Fibre | 0% of USC | 50% of USC | 100% of USC | Cylinders | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vf | - | L (mm) | w (mm) | h (mm) | L (mm) | w (mm) | h (mm) | L (mm) | w (mm) | h (mm) | L (mm) | d (mm) |
0.0% | X | 297 | 100 | 87 | 301 | 99 | 90 | 296 | 99 | 89 | 223 | 104 |
Y | 297 | 99 | 88 | 299 | 99 | 90 | 297 | 99 | 89 | 222 | 103 | |
Z | 297 | 89 | 89 | 299 | 89 | 89 | 297 | 99 | 89 | 222 | 104 | |
1.0% | X | 294 | 99 | 95 | 296 | 99 | 94 | 296 | 99 | 93 | 224 | 102 |
Y | 295 | 99 | 94 | 296 | 99 | 94 | 298 | 99 | 94 | 221 | 103 | |
Z | 296 | 95 | 90 | 297 | 93 | 90 | 297 | 94 | 90 | 223 | 104 | |
1.5% | X | 298 | 96 | 89 | 295 | 98 | 88 | 295 | 101 | 88 | 222 | 104 |
Y | 297 | 96 | 89 | 296 | 99 | 88 | 296 | 94 | 88 | 222 | 103 | |
Z | 297 | 93 | 82 | 296 | 88 | 88 | 296 | 91 | 88 | 223 | 103 |
- | Cylinders | Plates | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
- | Mean | SD | Mean (kΩ·cm) | SD (kΩ·cm) | ||||
Vf | (kΩ·cm) | (kΩ·cm) | 0% of USC | 50% of USC | 100% of USC | 0% of USC | 50% of USC | 100% of USC |
0.0% | 28.00 | 0.71 | 26.41 | 23.33 | 12.16 | 2.59 | 2.59 | 1.77 |
1.0% | 17.00 | 0.70 | 10.41 | 15.25 | 11.83 | 1.93 | 1.87 | 2.67 |
1.5% | 17.25 | 0.82 | 17.83 | 16.91 | 14.50 | 3.38 | 3.09 | 2.59 |
- | Cylinders | Plates | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean (kΩ·cm) | SD (kΩ·cm) | |||||
Vf | (kΩ·cm) | (kΩ·cm) | 0% of USC | 50% of USC | 100% of USC | 0% of USC | 50% of USC | 100% of USC |
0.0% | 12.60 | 0.12 | 11.09 | 9.45 | 5.75 | 0.75 | 0.85 | 0.25 |
1.0% | 6.75 | 0.18 | 3.09 | 4.66 | 3.61 | 0.19 | 0.11 | 0.45 |
1.5% | 6.93 | 0.24 | 5.61 | 4.19 | 4.38 | 0.65 | 0.57 | 0.74 |
Amount of Fibre | Cylinders Ratio (-) | Plates Ratio (-) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Vf | - | 0% of USC | 50% of USC | 100% of USC |
0.0% | 2.21 | 2.38 | 2.47 | 2.12 |
1.0% | 2.56 | 3.36 | 3.27 | 3.27 |
1.5% | 2.31 | 3.18 | 4.03 | 3.31 |
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Horňáková, M.; Lehner, P. Relationship of Surface and Bulk Resistivity in the Case of Mechanically Damaged Fibre Reinforced Red Ceramic Waste Aggregate Concrete. Materials 2020, 13, 5501. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235501
Horňáková M, Lehner P. Relationship of Surface and Bulk Resistivity in the Case of Mechanically Damaged Fibre Reinforced Red Ceramic Waste Aggregate Concrete. Materials. 2020; 13(23):5501. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235501
Chicago/Turabian StyleHorňáková, Marie, and Petr Lehner. 2020. "Relationship of Surface and Bulk Resistivity in the Case of Mechanically Damaged Fibre Reinforced Red Ceramic Waste Aggregate Concrete" Materials 13, no. 23: 5501. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235501