Experimental Study on Carbon Nanotube Heating for Li-Ion Batteries in Extremely Low-Temperature Environments
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experiments
2.1. Design of the CNT Sheet-Based Heating Scheme
2.2. The Design and Fabrication of the CNT Heat-Up System
2.3. Testing Setup and Procedure of the CNT Heat-Up System
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Discharge Under 25 °C Without CNT
3.2. Discharge Under −20 °C Without CNT Heating
3.3. Discharge Under −20 °C with CNT Heating
3.4. Discharge Under −30 °C Without CNT Heating
3.5. Discharge Under −30 °C with CNT Heating
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CNT | Carbon Nanotube |
PCMs | Phase Change Materials |
SOC | State of Charge |
LFP | Lithium Iron Phosphate |
TS | Temperature Sensor |
CT | Current Transformer |
CC | Constant Current |
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Classification | Sub-Class | Advantages | Disadvantages | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Passive method | PCM-based thermal management | It does not consume energy to heat battery packs. PCMs store and release heat when it melts or freezes at the given condition. |
| |
Active method | Internal heating | Self-internal heating | It does not require an additional heat transfer system or circuit components, which enables its low cost and high reliability. Most research is performed in this area. |
|
AC heating | One of the most efficient preheating approaches, which can heat the battery quickly and uniformly. | The cell resistance inconsistency gives rise to different heat generation rates inside each cell and thus causes a temperature gradient inside the battery module/pack. | ||
Mutual pulse heating |
| Requires specially designed circuits and control systems, which significantly increase the cost when the battery is at a high SOC level, considering the effect of lithium plating. | ||
A nickel foil is embedded inside a cell | The existing internal heating methods can heat the battery in a fast way. |
| ||
Convective heating | Internal convective heating | Thermal field is more even. | Requires a closed system, including flow channels, heaters, fans, and batteries, while ensuring minimal heat loss. | |
External convective heating |
|
Battery Type | LFP |
---|---|
Cell Dimensions | φ26 × 65 mm |
Cell Weight | 76 g |
Cell Capacity (nominal/minimum) | 2.50/2.40 Ah |
Voltage (nominal) | 3.3 V |
Internal Impedance (1 kHz AC typical) | 6 mΩ |
Cycle Life at 20 A Discharge, 100% DOD | >1000 cycles |
CNT Sheet | Typical Features |
---|---|
Thickness | 20 µm |
Resistance | 110 Ω |
Thermal conductivity | >2000 W/mK |
Dimensions | 200 (Length) × 65 (Width) mm |
Key Items | Parameters |
---|---|
Chamber Temperature | 25 °C |
Discharge Mode | Constant Current (CC) |
Discharge Current | 1 C at 2.50 A |
Capacity Output | 2.50 Ah |
Energy Output | 8.00 Wh |
Cutoff Voltage | 2.70 V |
Duration of the Discharge | 3625 s |
Operation Condition | Startup Time (s) | Capacity Output (Ah) | Energy Output (Wh) |
---|---|---|---|
25 °C | - | 2.50 | 8.00 |
−20 °C without CNT heating | - | 1.585, (63.4%) | 4.60, (57.5%) |
−20 °C with CNT heating | 97 | 2.25, (90%) | 7.09, (88.6%) |
−30 °C without CNT heating | - | 0.03, (1.2%) | 0.082, (1.02%) |
−30 °C with CNT heating | 141 | 2.25, (90%) | 5.84, (73.0%) |
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Jia, J.; Wang, G.; Gao, Z.; Han, M. Experimental Study on Carbon Nanotube Heating for Li-Ion Batteries in Extremely Low-Temperature Environments. Energies 2025, 18, 2958. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18112958
Jia J, Wang G, Gao Z, Han M. Experimental Study on Carbon Nanotube Heating for Li-Ion Batteries in Extremely Low-Temperature Environments. Energies. 2025; 18(11):2958. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18112958
Chicago/Turabian StyleJia, Junbo, Gucheng Wang, Zuchang Gao, and Ming Han. 2025. "Experimental Study on Carbon Nanotube Heating for Li-Ion Batteries in Extremely Low-Temperature Environments" Energies 18, no. 11: 2958. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18112958
APA StyleJia, J., Wang, G., Gao, Z., & Han, M. (2025). Experimental Study on Carbon Nanotube Heating for Li-Ion Batteries in Extremely Low-Temperature Environments. Energies, 18(11), 2958. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18112958