Analyzing Carbon Emissions Embodied in Construction Services: A Dynamic Hybrid Input–Output Model with Structural Decomposition Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Methodology and Data Preparation
3.1. DHI/O-SDA Model
3.1.1. Establishment of Energy-Economic Hybrid Tables
3.1.2. SDA
3.1.3. CSFAI Estimation, Embodied Energy Analysis and ERCE Calculation
3.2. Data Preparation
4. Results, Uncertainties and Discussions
4.1. ERCE Embodied in CSFAI Caused by Each Sector
4.2. ERCE Embodied in CSFAI Caused by Sectoral a Unit of FDEI Increase
4.2.1. Analysis in the Horizontal Direction
ER
TE
PEC
4.2.2. Analysis in the Vertical Direction
4.3. Uncertainties and Discussions
4.3.1. Verification of the Model Result
4.3.2. Comparisons with the Results from 2012 to 2015
4.3.3. Comparison of DHI/O and DHI/O-SDA Models
4.3.4. Sensitivity Analysis of pcsfait
4.3.5. Statistical Error Analysis
4.3.6. Limitations of the DHI/O-SDA Model
5. Conclusions and Policy Implications
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CO2 | Carbon dioxide |
CSFAI | Constructive Services-related Fixed Assets Investment |
DHI/O | Dynamic Hybrid Input–output |
DHI/O-SDA model | Dynamic Hybrid Input–output model combined with Structural Decomposition Analysis |
ER | ERCE embodied in CSFAI consumed by each sector caused by a unit of final demand increase in any specific sector |
ERCE | Energy-related Carbon Emission |
FDEI | Final Demand Excluding Import |
IPCC | Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |
NBS | National Bureau of Statistics |
pcsfai | Ratio of CSFAI to the total fixed assets investment |
PEC | Proportion of ER in the TE caused by a unit of final demand increase of any specific sector |
SDA | Structural Decomposition Analysis |
TE | Sum of ER in each sector caused by a unit of final demand increase of any specific sector |
Appendix A
Sector (Full Name) | Sector (Abbreviation) | Code in This Paper | Code in I/O Table, 2007 | Code in I/O Table, 2010 | Code in I/O Table, 2012 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mining and Washing of Coal | Coal | 01 | 006 | 02 | 06006 |
Extraction of Petroleum and Natural Gas | Petroleum and Natural Gas | 02 | 007 | 03 | 07007 |
Processing of Petroleum, Coking, and Processing of Nuclear Fuel | Petroleum Processing | 03 | 037 | 11 | 25039 |
038 | 25040 | ||||
Production and Supply of Electric Power, Heat Power, and Gas | Electric Power | 04 | 092 | 23 | 44096 |
093 | 24 | 45097 | |||
Agriculture, Forestry, Animal Husbandry, and Fishing | Agriculture | 05 | 001 | 01 | 01001 |
002 | 02002 | ||||
003 | 03003 | ||||
004 | 04004 | ||||
Smelting and Pressing of Ferrous Metals | Ferrous Metals | 06 | 057 | 14 | 31059 31060 31061 |
058 | |||||
059 | |||||
060 | |||||
062 | 32063 | ||||
Manufacture of Raw Chemical Materials and Chemical Products | Chemical | 09 | 039 | 12 | 26041 |
040 | 26042 | ||||
041 | 26043 | ||||
042 | 26044 | ||||
043 | 26045 | ||||
044 | 26046 | ||||
045 | 26047 | ||||
046 | 27048 | ||||
047 | 28049 | ||||
048 | 29050 | ||||
049 | 29051 | ||||
Non-Energy Mining | Mining of Non-energy | 10 | 008 | 04 05 | 08008 |
009 | 09009 | ||||
010 | 10010 | ||||
Manufacture of Foods, Drinks, and Tobacco | Foods | 11 | 011 | 06 | 13012 |
012 | 13013 | ||||
013 | 13014 | ||||
014 | 13015 | ||||
015 | 13016 | ||||
016 | 13017 | ||||
017 | 13018 | ||||
018 | 14019 | ||||
019 | 14020 | ||||
Manufacture of Machinery | Machinery | 12 | 064 065 066 067 068 069 070 071 072 | 16 | 34065 34066 34067 34068 34069 34070 35071 35072 35073 35074 |
Manufacture of Automobiles, Railway, Ship, Aerospace, and Other Equipment | Automobiles | 13 | 073 074 075 076 | 17 | 36075 36076 37077 37078 37079 |
Manufacture of Textile, Apparel, Accessories, Leather, Fur, Feather, and Related Products, and Footwear | Textile | 14 | 025 026 027 028 029 030 031 | 07 08 | 17026 17027 17028 17029 17030 18031 19032 19033 |
Manufacture of Paper; Paper Products; Articles for Culture, Education, and Arts and Crafts; and Printing and Reproduction of Recording Media | Paper | 15 | 034 | 10 | 22036 |
035 | 23037 | ||||
036 | 24038 | ||||
Wholesale, Retail Trade, and Hotel, Restaurants | Wholesale | 20 | 108 | 30 31 | 51103 |
109 | 61112 | ||||
110 | 62113 | ||||
122 | 77126 | ||||
123 | 78127 | ||||
124 | 79128 | ||||
125 | 80129 | ||||
126 | 82130 | ||||
127 | 83131 | ||||
128 | 84132 | ||||
129 | 85133 | ||||
130 | 86134 | ||||
131 | 87135 | ||||
132 | 88136 | ||||
133 | 89137 | ||||
134 | 93138 | ||||
135 | 90139 |
Appendix B
2007–2008 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Sector | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
Caused by sector 01 | 2.28 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.47 | 0.05 | 0.17 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.23 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.52 | 0.11 | 0.85 |
Caused by sector 02 | 0.05 | 1.64 | 0.07 | 0.34 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.27 | 0.08 | 0.57 |
Caused by sector 03 | 0.31 | 1.24 | 1.49 | 0.60 | 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.21 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.20 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.48 | 0.13 | 0.83 |
Caused by sector 04 | 0.44 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 4.94 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.26 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.28 | 0.08 | 0.87 |
Caused by sector 05 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.24 | 1.54 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.28 | 0.02 | 0.21 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.25 | 0.08 | 0.60 |
Caused by sector 06 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Caused by sector 07 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Caused by sector 08 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Caused by sector 09 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.81 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 2.43 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.19 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.49 | 0.14 | 0.99 |
Caused by sector 10 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.51 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.28 | 1.48 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.22 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.55 | 0.11 | 0.76 |
Caused by sector 11 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.32 | 0.76 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.27 | 0.02 | 1.72 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.41 | 0.13 | 0.79 |
Caused by sector 12 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.57 | 0.06 | 0.47 | 0.20 | 0.04 | 0.31 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 1.59 | 0.05 | 0.13 | 0.06 | 0.53 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.53 | 0.18 | 1.01 |
Caused by sector 13 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.54 | 0.07 | 0.37 | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.38 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.28 | 1.26 | 0.21 | 0.06 | 0.43 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.50 | 0.20 | 1.08 |
Caused by sector 14 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.58 | 0.33 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.53 | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 6.32 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.45 | 0.14 | 1.12 |
Caused by sector 15 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.67 | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.62 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.33 | 2.39 | 0.27 | 0.20 | 0.00 | 0.48 | 0.16 | 0.99 |
Caused by sector 16 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.61 | 0.08 | 0.28 | 0.32 | 0.05 | 0.42 | 0.13 | 0.06 | 0.15 | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.08 | 2.23 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.50 | 0.18 | 1.14 |
Caused by sector 17 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.37 | 0.21 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.34 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.23 | 0.06 | 0.16 | 1.83 | 0.00 | 0.38 | 0.11 | 0.74 |
Caused by sector 18 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.49 | 0.06 | 0.36 | 0.10 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.06 | 0.35 | 0.09 | 0.29 | 0.84 | 0.17 | 1.02 |
Caused by sector 19 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Caused by sector 20 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.24 | 0.17 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.14 | 0.02 | 0.22 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.53 | 1.90 | 1.23 |
Caused by sector 21 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.25 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.24 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.20 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.33 | 0.15 | 7.23 |
2008–2009 | |||||||||||||||||||||
ERCE of Sector | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
Caused by sector 01 | 2.24 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.41 | 0.06 | 0.17 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.17 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.23 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.51 | 0.11 | 0.84 |
Caused by sector 02 | 0.05 | 1.83 | 0.07 | 0.34 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.16 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.17 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.28 | 0.09 | 0.59 |
Caused by sector 03 | 0.34 | 1.38 | 1.62 | 0.58 | 0.05 | 0.16 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.22 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.21 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.47 | 0.13 | 0.86 |
Caused by sector 04 | 0.49 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 4.96 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.28 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.29 | 0.09 | 0.94 |
Caused by sector 05 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.23 | 1.92 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.30 | 0.02 | 0.23 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.27 | 0.09 | 0.60 |
Caused by sector 06 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Caused by sector 07 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Caused by sector 08 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Caused by sector 09 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.77 | 0.17 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 2.61 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.18 | 0.09 | 0.21 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.52 | 0.16 | 1.08 |
Caused by sector 10 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.49 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.30 | 1.62 | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.24 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.56 | 0.13 | 0.81 |
Caused by sector 11 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.31 | 0.97 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.29 | 0.02 | 1.86 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.44 | 0.15 | 0.85 |
Caused by sector 12 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.57 | 0.08 | 0.52 | 0.22 | 0.05 | 0.33 | 0.16 | 0.06 | 1.70 | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.58 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.56 | 0.20 | 1.11 |
Caused by sector 13 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.53 | 0.09 | 0.40 | 0.18 | 0.04 | 0.41 | 0.13 | 0.06 | 0.30 | 1.35 | 0.22 | 0.06 | 0.46 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.53 | 0.22 | 1.17 |
Caused by sector 14 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.56 | 0.44 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.56 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 6.76 | 0.10 | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.47 | 0.15 | 1.14 |
Caused by sector 15 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.67 | 0.22 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.67 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.36 | 2.62 | 0.35 | 0.19 | 0.00 | 0.52 | 0.18 | 1.10 |
Caused by sector 16 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.60 | 0.11 | 0.30 | 0.34 | 0.06 | 0.44 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.20 | 0.09 | 2.38 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.52 | 0.20 | 1.23 |
Caused by sector 17 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.41 | 0.30 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.40 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.27 | 0.08 | 0.19 | 2.26 | 0.00 | 0.44 | 0.13 | 0.88 |
Caused by sector 18 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.47 | 0.08 | 0.37 | 0.10 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.15 | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.37 | 0.09 | 0.29 | 0.89 | 0.19 | 1.09 |
Caused by sector 19 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Caused by sector 20 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.14 | 0.02 | 0.24 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.51 | 2.06 | 1.20 |
Caused by sector 21 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.24 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.26 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.11 | 0.21 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.35 | 0.16 | 7.62 |
2009–2010 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Sector | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
Caused by sector 01 | 1.66 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.34 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.19 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.50 | 0.10 | 0.71 |
Caused by sector 02 | 0.04 | 1.49 | 0.06 | 0.30 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.28 | 0.08 | 0.52 |
Caused by sector 03 | 0.27 | 1.12 | 1.38 | 0.51 | 0.05 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.19 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.17 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.46 | 0.12 | 0.74 |
Caused by sector 04 | 0.39 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 4.50 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.23 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.30 | 0.08 | 0.85 |
Caused by sector 05 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.19 | 1.77 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.25 | 0.01 | 0.20 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.27 | 0.08 | 0.50 |
Caused by sector 06 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Caused by sector 07 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Caused by sector 08 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Caused by sector 09 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.67 | 0.17 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 2.19 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.08 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.53 | 0.15 | 0.98 |
Caused by sector 10 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.42 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.25 | 1.30 | 0.03 | 0.17 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.21 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.56 | 0.12 | 0.71 |
Caused by sector 11 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.27 | 0.91 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.25 | 0.02 | 1.57 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.45 | 0.14 | 0.75 |
Caused by sector 12 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.51 | 0.07 | 0.45 | 0.19 | 0.04 | 0.28 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 1.43 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.05 | 0.49 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.58 | 0.19 | 1.00 |
Caused by sector 13 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.48 | 0.08 | 0.34 | 0.15 | 0.04 | 0.34 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.25 | 1.14 | 0.19 | 0.05 | 0.39 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.54 | 0.21 | 1.06 |
Caused by sector 14 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.49 | 0.43 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.46 | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 5.67 | 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.48 | 0.14 | 0.97 |
Caused by sector 15 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.60 | 0.21 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.56 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.30 | 2.25 | 0.35 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.55 | 0.17 | 1.01 |
Caused by sector 16 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.53 | 0.10 | 0.25 | 0.28 | 0.05 | 0.37 | 0.13 | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.17 | 0.07 | 1.99 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.53 | 0.19 | 1.11 |
Caused by sector 17 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.41 | 0.31 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.38 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.26 | 0.08 | 0.19 | 2.21 | 0.00 | 0.51 | 0.14 | 0.89 |
Caused by sector 18 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.41 | 0.08 | 0.30 | 0.09 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.12 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.31 | 0.07 | 0.25 | 0.92 | 0.17 | 0.97 |
Caused by sector 19 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Caused by sector 20 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.21 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.47 | 1.87 | 0.98 |
Caused by sector 21 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.21 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.22 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.17 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.36 | 0.15 | 6.68 |
2010–2011 | |||||||||||||||||||||
ERCE of Sector | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
Caused by sector 01 | 2.52 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.27 | 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.30 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.32 | 0.05 | 0.45 |
Caused by sector 02 | 0.12 | 1.44 | 0.07 | 0.27 | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.24 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 0.04 | 0.43 |
Caused by sector 03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Caused by sector 04 | 0.65 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 4.07 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.41 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.22 | 0.05 | 0.54 |
Caused by sector 05 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.17 | 1.44 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.29 | 0.02 | 0.29 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 0.05 | 0.31 |
Caused by sector 06 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Caused by sector 07 | 0.18 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.88 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.83 | 0.07 | 0.28 | 0.66 | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.02 | 0.45 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.38 | 0.08 | 0.66 |
Caused by sector 08 | 0.23 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.53 | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 1.90 | 0.38 | 0.25 | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.19 | 0.04 | 0.45 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.48 | 0.09 | 0.62 |
Caused by sector 09 | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.60 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 2.48 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.26 | 0.03 | 0.31 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.41 | 0.09 | 0.65 |
Caused by sector 10 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Caused by sector 11 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.23 | 0.73 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.27 | 0.03 | 2.24 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.35 | 0.09 | 0.48 |
Caused by sector 12 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.16 | 0.46 | 0.06 | 0.52 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.32 | 0.23 | 0.07 | 1.79 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.02 | 0.92 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.45 | 0.11 | 0.70 |
Caused by sector 13 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.43 | 0.07 | 0.38 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.38 | 0.18 | 0.08 | 0.28 | 3.83 | 0.30 | 0.02 | 0.72 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.43 | 0.12 | 0.73 |
Caused by sector 14 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.44 | 0.34 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.51 | 0.04 | 0.20 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 9.07 | 0.03 | 0.23 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.37 | 0.10 | 0.63 |
Caused by sector 15 | 0.14 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.53 | 0.17 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.62 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.54 | 0.92 | 0.57 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.42 | 0.10 | 0.67 |
Caused by sector 16 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Caused by sector 17 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.38 | 0.25 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.43 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.41 | 0.03 | 0.36 | 0.82 | 0.00 | 0.40 | 0.08 | 0.59 |
Caused by sector 18 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.37 | 0.06 | 0.37 | 0.04 | 0.45 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.18 | 0.02 | 0.57 | 0.03 | 0.31 | 0.64 | 0.09 | 0.69 |
Caused by sector 19 | 0.11 | 0.20 | 0.28 | 0.24 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.18 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.34 | 0.17 | 0.02 | 0.25 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 4.76 | 0.08 | 0.77 |
Caused by sector 20 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.27 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.32 | 1.04 | 0.66 |
Caused by sector 21 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.19 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.24 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.19 | 0.04 | 0.32 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.28 | 0.08 | 4.21 |
2011–2012 | |||||||||||||||||||||
ERCE of Sector | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
Caused by sector 01 | 3.11 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.29 | 0.04 | 0.18 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.17 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.34 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.27 | 0.06 | 0.70 |
Caused by sector 02 | 0.26 | 1.73 | 0.07 | 0.28 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.18 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.28 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 0.06 | 0.84 |
Caused by sector 03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Caused by sector 04 | 0.81 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 4.52 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.53 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.22 | 0.06 | 0.75 |
Caused by sector 05 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.17 | 1.77 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.38 | 0.02 | 0.38 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.19 | 0.06 | 0.42 |
Caused by sector 06 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Caused by sector 07 | 0.22 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.92 | 0.07 | 0.13 | 1.09 | 0.09 | 0.36 | 0.71 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.19 | 0.02 | 0.41 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.37 | 0.09 | 0.92 |
Caused by sector 08 | 0.27 | 0.12 | 0.16 | 0.56 | 0.07 | 0.16 | 0.04 | 2.55 | 0.48 | 0.32 | 0.09 | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.26 | 0.04 | 0.49 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.48 | 0.11 | 0.88 |
Caused by sector 09 | 0.20 | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.62 | 0.19 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 3.21 | 0.11 | 0.19 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.37 | 0.03 | 0.32 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.43 | 0.13 | 0.91 |
Caused by sector 10 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Caused by sector 11 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.23 | 0.87 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.32 | 0.03 | 2.86 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.36 | 0.13 | 0.62 |
Caused by sector 12 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.19 | 0.47 | 0.07 | 0.61 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.41 | 0.26 | 0.10 | 2.40 | 0.19 | 0.23 | 0.03 | 1.19 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.47 | 0.15 | 1.05 |
Caused by sector 13 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.16 | 0.44 | 0.08 | 0.45 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.47 | 0.21 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 5.17 | 0.37 | 0.02 | 0.89 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.48 | 0.17 | 1.06 |
Caused by sector 14 | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.46 | 0.39 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.64 | 0.04 | 0.24 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 11.62 | 0.03 | 0.24 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.38 | 0.18 | 0.90 |
Caused by sector 15 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.53 | 0.21 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.74 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.80 | 1.18 | 0.45 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.43 | 0.14 | 0.92 |
Caused by sector 16 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Caused by sector 17 | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.35 | 0.28 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.49 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.48 | 0.03 | 0.41 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.38 | 0.11 | 0.74 |
Caused by sector 18 | 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.19 | 0.39 | 0.08 | 0.50 | 0.06 | 0.56 | 0.40 | 0.24 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.23 | 0.03 | 0.71 | 0.04 | 0.41 | 0.52 | 0.12 | 1.06 |
Caused by sector 19 | 0.14 | 0.24 | 0.38 | 0.26 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.22 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.46 | 0.18 | 0.02 | 0.30 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 5.18 | 0.11 | 1.18 |
Caused by sector 20 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.29 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.18 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.29 | 1.38 | 0.99 |
Caused by sector 21 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.19 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.28 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.24 | 0.05 | 0.42 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.29 | 0.11 | 5.47 |
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Primary Fossil Fuel | Low Heat Value (TJ/t) | CO2 Emission Factor (kg/TJ) |
---|---|---|
Coal | 0.0293 | 98,300 |
Crude oil | 0.0423 | 73,300 |
Natural gas | 0.048 | 56,100 |
The Cause of ERCE Embodied in CSFAI | ERCE Embodied in CSFAI Consumed by Sector 1 | … | ERCE Embodied in CSFAI Consumed by Sector j | … | ERCE Embodied in CSFAI Consumed by Sector n |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unit FDEI increase of sector 1 | ER11 | … | ER1j | … | ER1n |
︙ | ︙ | ︙ | ︙ | ︙ | ︙ |
Unit FDEI increase of sector i | ERi1 | … | ERij | … | ERin |
︙ | ︙ | ︙ | ︙ | ︙ | ︙ |
Unit FDEI increase of sector n | ERn1 | … | ERnj | … | ERnn |
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Zhang, X.; Li, Z.; Ma, L.; Chong, C.; Ni, W. Analyzing Carbon Emissions Embodied in Construction Services: A Dynamic Hybrid Input–Output Model with Structural Decomposition Analysis. Energies 2019, 12, 1456. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12081456
Zhang X, Li Z, Ma L, Chong C, Ni W. Analyzing Carbon Emissions Embodied in Construction Services: A Dynamic Hybrid Input–Output Model with Structural Decomposition Analysis. Energies. 2019; 12(8):1456. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12081456
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Xi, Zheng Li, Linwei Ma, Chinhao Chong, and Weidou Ni. 2019. "Analyzing Carbon Emissions Embodied in Construction Services: A Dynamic Hybrid Input–Output Model with Structural Decomposition Analysis" Energies 12, no. 8: 1456. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12081456