Switched-Capacitor Boost Converter for Low Power Energy Harvesting Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Principle of Operation
3. SC-BC Modelling
3.1. Mathematical Analysis of Diode Based SC-BC
3.2. Mathematical Analysis of MOSFET Based SC-BC
4. SC-BC Gain Characteristics
5. Choice of SC-BC Passive Elements
6. Control Algorithm
6.1. Control of Inductor Current IL
6.2. Control of Output Voltage V0
7. Results
7.1. Verification of Gain Characteristics
7.2. Control Algorithm Verification, Simulation and Experimentation
7.2.1. Inductor Current Control
7.2.2. Output Voltage Control
8. Discussion
- Only one inductor is used and no transformers,
- MOSFETs are used in place of diodes as switching elements, resulting in low conduction losses,
- Duty cycles are not overlong,
- The switching-capacitor stage can be integrated.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Acronyms | |
BS | Boost Stage |
CCM | Continuous Conduction Mode |
DC | Direct Current |
DC-DC | Direct Current-Direct Current |
DCM | Discontinuous Conduction Mode |
ESR | Equivalent Series Resistance of capacitor |
MOSFET | Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor |
MPPT | Maximum Power Point Tracking |
PI | Proportional-Integral |
PV | Photovoltaic |
PWM | Pulse Width Modulation |
SC | Switched-Capacitor |
SC-BC | Switched-Capacitor-Boost Converter |
SOC | System On Chip |
TEG | Thermoelectric generator |
Nomenclature | |
converter static gain | |
output capacitance | |
capacitances of switched capacitors | |
capacitance of switched capacitors | |
d | duty-cycle function over the interval |
D | average value of duty-cycle function over the interval |
maximal value of duty cycle | |
minimal value of duty cycle | |
switching frequency of the converter | |
converter input current | |
average value of converter input current over the interval | |
inductor current | |
average value of inductor current iL over the interval | |
Laplace transform of | |
desired value of inductor current | |
average value of desired value of inductor current over the interval | |
Laplace transform of | |
IL,max | maximal value of inductor current (current ripple) |
IL,min | minimal value of inductor current (current ripple) |
output current | |
average value of output current iR0 over the interval | |
Laplace transform of | |
L | inductance of the boost stage inductor |
output (load) resistance | |
MOSFET drain-source on resistance of transistors | |
MOSFET drain-source on resistance of transistors | |
MOSFET drain-source on resistance | |
inner TEG resistance | |
resistance of the boost stage inductor | |
t | time |
sample time interval | |
linear feedback inductor current controller output | |
average value of linear feedback inductor current controller output over the interval | |
Laplace transform of | |
linear feedback output voltage controller output | |
average value of linear feedback output voltage controller output over the interval | |
Laplace transform of | |
linear feedback switched capacitor voltage controller output | |
average value of linear feedback switched capacitor voltage controller output over the interval | |
Laplace transform of | |
output voltage | |
average value of output voltage over the interval | |
Laplace transform of | |
desired value of the output voltage | |
average value of desired value of the output voltage over the interval | |
Laplace transform of | |
v0,max | maximal value of output voltage (voltage ripple) |
v0,min | minimal value of output voltage (voltage ripple) |
switched capacitor voltage | |
average value of switched capacitor voltage over the interval | |
Laplace transform of | |
desired value of the switched capacitor voltage | |
average value of desired value of the switched capacitor voltage over the interval | |
Laplace transform of | |
diode forward voltage | |
open terminal TEG voltage | |
average value of open terminal TEG voltage over the interval | |
SC_BC input terminal voltage | |
SC_BC input terminal voltage over the interval | |
input of the boost stage of SC-BC, average value over the interval | |
inductor voltage | |
energy stored in inductor L | |
energy stored in capacitor | |
z | switched capacitors charging duty cycle over the interval |
Z | average value of the switched capacitors charging duty cycle over the interval |
inductor current ripple | |
output voltage ripple | |
ε | maximal distance between measurement points and theoretical calculated curve |
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ZD = 0.4 | ZD = 0.5 | |
---|---|---|
D | V0 (V) | V0 (V) |
0.40 | 24.00 | - |
0.50 | 25.90 | 24.90 |
0.60 | 27.47 | 26.93 |
0.70 | 27.75 | 28.20 |
0.80 | 25.10 | 26.55 |
0.90 | 17.82 | 19.60 |
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Rodič, M.; Milanovič, M.; Truntič, M.; Ošlaj, B. Switched-Capacitor Boost Converter for Low Power Energy Harvesting Applications. Energies 2018, 11, 3156. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113156
Rodič M, Milanovič M, Truntič M, Ošlaj B. Switched-Capacitor Boost Converter for Low Power Energy Harvesting Applications. Energies. 2018; 11(11):3156. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113156
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodič, Miran, Miro Milanovič, Mitja Truntič, and Benjamin Ošlaj. 2018. "Switched-Capacitor Boost Converter for Low Power Energy Harvesting Applications" Energies 11, no. 11: 3156. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113156