Socioeconomic Variation in the Prevalence, Introduction, Retention, and Removal of Smoke-Free Policies among Smokers: Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey
Abstract
:Introduction:
Methods:
Results:
Conclusions:
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Socioeconomic status
2.2.2. Smoke-Free policy presence, introduction, retention, and removal
2.2.3. Smoking status
2.2.4. Covariates
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Smoke-Free Home Policies
3.2. Smoke-Free Bar Policies
3.3. Smoke-Free Restaurant Policies
3.4. Smoke-Free Worksite Policies
4. Discussion
Acknowledgments
References
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Variables | Socioeconomic Status | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Canada | United States | United Kingdomb | Australia | ||||||||||||||
Low | Mod. | High | All | Low | Mod. | High | All | Low | Mod. | High | All | Low | Mod. | High | All | ||
Wave 5 a | |||||||||||||||||
Current Smokers | |||||||||||||||||
Total ban | 21.2 | 30.9 | 42.9 | 32.6 | 24.0 | 33.8 | 50.5 | 36.0 | 14.5 | 26.5 | 27.4 | 23.9 | 34.1 | 49.6 | 49.1 | 46.4 | |
Partial | 29.5 | 31.9 | 33.3 | 31.9 | 31.1 | 28.8 | 23.9 | 28.0 | 50.7 | 47.7 | 51.5 | 49.3 | 31.8 | 29.5 | 31.4 | 30.4 | |
None | 49.3 | 37.2 | 23.8 | 35.5 | 44.9 | 37.4 | 25.6 | 36.0 | 34.8 | 25.8 | 21.1 | 26.8 | 34.1 | 20.9 | 19.5 | 23.2 | |
n | 298 | 845 | 468 | 1,611 * | 346 | 911 | 430 | 1,687 * | 406 | 809 | 323 | 1,538* | 369 | 950 | 360 | 1,679 * | |
Former Smokers | |||||||||||||||||
Total ban | 43.5 | 57.1 | 69.2 | 60.6 | 52.6 | 62.0 | 74.5 | 65.5 | 51.8 | 51.0 | 58.8 | 53.4 | 66.6 | 73.3 | 63.2 | 69.4 | |
Partial | 21.7 | 31.3 | 24.3 | 27.8 | 26.3 | 25.0 | 18.1 | 22.4 | 32.1 | 37.3 | 35.0 | 35.6 | 16.7 | 20.3 | 32.1 | 23.4 | |
None | 34.8 | 11.6 | 6.5 | 11.6 | 21.1 | 13.0 | 7.4 | 12.1 | 16.1 | 11.7 | 6.2 | 11.0 | 16.7 | 6.4 | 4.7 | 7.2 | |
n | 26 | 138 | 99 | 263 * | 46 | 105 | 82 | 233 | 64 | 147 | 75 | 286 | 50 | 191 | 104 | 345 * | |
Wave 6 a | |||||||||||||||||
Current Smokers | |||||||||||||||||
Total ban | 21.2 | 29.5 | 45.0 | 35.7 | 24.3 | 29.2 | 46.2 | 35.5 | 17.5 | 32.4 | 32.9 | 29.4 | 36.8 | 52.5 | 53.3 | 50.1 | |
Partial | 36.9 | 34.7 | 28.5 | 32.1 | 31.9 | 30.5 | 28.0 | 29.7 | 45.7 | 37.7 | 42.8 | 41.2 | 30.9 | 28.9 | 28.7 | 29.2 | |
None | 41.9 | 35.8 | 26.5 | 32.2 | 43.8 | 40.3 | 25.8 | 34.8 | 36.8 | 29.9 | 24.3 | 29.4 | 32.3 | 18.6 | 18.0 | 20.7 | |
n | 255 | 603 | 721 | 1,579 * | 332 | 635 | 674 | 1,641 * | 366 | 634 | 466 | 1,466 * | 341 | 811 | 529 | 1,681 * | |
Former Smokers | |||||||||||||||||
Total ban | 47.4 | 56.3 | 68.3 | 60.9 | 60.0 | 67.0 | 74.5 | 70.6 | 63.3 | 64.0 | 67.2 | 65.0 | 74.0 | 72.9 | 77.2 | 74.9 | |
Partial | 31.6 | 30.3 | 21.4 | 26.2 | 32.0 | 18.2 | 20.7 | 20.9 | 24.0 | 25.4 | 24.8 | 24.9 | 13.0 | 18.3 | 18.5 | 17.7 | |
None | 21.0 | 13.4 | 10.3 | 12.9 | 8.0 | 14.8 | 4.8 | 8.5 | 12.7 | 10.6 | 8.0 | 10.1 | 13.0 | 8.8 | 4.3 | 7.4 | |
n | 40 | 104 | 141 | 285 | 31 | 89 | 124 | 244 | 86 | 135 | 112 | 333 | 50 | 155 | 154 | 359 | |
Between Waves among Continuing Smokers | |||||||||||||||||
Introduce smoke-free | 4.7 | 5.9 | 10.7 | 7.1 | 7.7 | 8.4 | 4.9 | 7.3 | 9.6 | 10.8 | 13.8 | 11.1 | 9.7 | 8.9 | 13.3 | 10.0 | |
Retain smoke-free | 13.5 | 23.4 | 36.2 | 25.7 | 15.5 | 23.3 | 35.6 | 25.1 | 6.2 | 16.4 | 20.2 | 14.6 | 27.8 | 40.1 | 42.5 | 37.8 | |
Retain smoking | 75.4 | 66.1 | 47.8 | 62.1 | 71.1 | 63.8 | 54.9 | 62.9 | 78.1 | 66.2 | 62.8 | 68.6 | 55.6 | 46.5 | 38.8 | 46.9 | |
Remove smoke-free | 6.4 | 4.6 | 5.3 | 5.1 | 5.7 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 6.1 | 6.6 | 3.2 | 5.7 | 6.9 | 4.5 | 5.4 | 5.3 | |
n | 171 | 563 | 318 | 1,052* | 194 | 514 | 164 | 972 * | 260 | 518 | 218 | 996 * | 259 | 628 | 240 | 1,127 * |
Predictors | Odds Ratio [95% Confidence Interval] | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Homes | Bars | Restaurant | Worksites d | ||||||
Presencea (n = 5,991) | Introduction b (n = 2,634) | Removal c (n = 1,216) | Presence a (n = 5,991) | Introduction b (n = 1,926) | Presence a (n = 5,991) | Introduction b (n = 1,244) | Presence a (n = 3,807) | Introduction b (n = 344) | |
Socioeconomic Status | |||||||||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Moderate | 1.31 [1.10–1.55] | 1.06 [0.77–1.46] | 0.52 [0.34–0.80] | 0.93 [0.77–1.10] | 1.14 [0.81–1.60] | 1.18 [0.97–1.44] | 0.94 [0.61–1.45] | 1.38 [1.06–1.82] | 0.48 [0.22–1.03] |
High | 1.54 [1.27–2.87] | 1.49 [1.04–2.13] | 0.44 [0.26–0.73] | 0.93 [0.75–1.14] | 1.06 [0.71–1.57] | 1.21 [0.96–1.54] | 0.98 [0.59–1.63] | 2.23 [1.63–3.04] | 0.55 [0.23–1.34] |
Age (years) | |||||||||
18–24 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
25–39 | 1.02 [0.81–1.30] | 0.65 [0.40–1.07] | 0.37 [0.20–0.69] | 1.15 [0.87–1.52] | 0.73 [0.41–1.31] | 1.28 [0.94–1.74] | 0.82 [0.38–1.78] | 1.00 [0.70–1.43] | 2.16 [0.75–6.23] |
40–54 | 0.69 [0.55–0.87] | 0.45 [0.28–0.73] | 0.65 [0.36–1.15] | 1.31 [1.00–1.71] | 0.72 [0.42–1.26] | 1.55 [1.15–2.10] | 0.81 [0.39–1.69] | 1.20 [0.85–1.69] | 1.47 [0.54–3.99] |
55+ | 0.69 [0.53–0.89] | 0.43 [0.26–0.73] | 0.59 [0.31–1.13] | 1.43 [1.06–1.91] | 0.56 [0.31–1.02] | 1.63 [1.18–2.26] | 0.73 [0.34–1.60] | 0.98 [0.66–1.47] | 1.08 [0.34–3.40] |
Gender | |||||||||
Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Male | 1.42 [1.25–1.61] | 1.09 [0.86–1.39] | 1.23 [0.87–1.73] | 0.91 [0.79–1.04] | 0.96 [0.74–1.24] | 1.04 [0.89–1.21] | 1.01 [0.72–1.41] | 0.41 [0.34–0.50] | 0.68 [0.39–1.18] |
Minority Status | |||||||||
Mainstream/Non–Minority | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Minority | 0.96 [0.79–1.17] | 1.08 [0.72–1.62] | 1.56 [0.97–2.50] | 1.19 [0.96–1.48] | 1.17 [0.78–1.75] | 0.70 [0.55–0.89] | 1.01 [0.62–1.65] | 0.87 [0.65–1.17] | 0.63 [0.29–1.38] |
Country | |||||||||
Canada | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
United States | 1.44 [1.20–1.73] | 1.19 [0.80–1.76] | 0.76 [0.45–1.28] | 0.24 [0.20–0.29] | 0.55 [0.37–0.82] | 0.17 [0.13–0.22] | 0.24 [0.13–0.45] | 0.78 [0.57–1.06] | 0.84 [0.37–1.89] |
United Kingdom | 0.67 [0.54–0.83] | 1.50 [1.02–2.21] | 1.90 [1.08–3.33] | 0.15 [0.12–0.19] | 42.6 [24.8–73.3] | 0.08 [0.06–0.10] | 11.7 [5.74–23.9] | 0.74 [0.54–1.03] | 14.2 [5.26–38.5] |
Australia | 1.75 [1.47–2.08] | 1.89 [1.34–2.68] | 0.62 [0.39–0.99] | 0.12 [0.09–0.14] | 4.41 [2.98–6.54] | 1.02 [0.77–1.36] | 1.66 [0.80–3.47] | 0.78 [0.58–1.05] | 2.00 [0.92–4.36] |
Children in Home | |||||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 2.08 [1.83–2.37] | 1.08 [0.83–1.41] | 0.71 [0.49–1.01] | 1.01 [0.87–1.17] | 0.83 [0.62–1.10] | 1.01 [0.85–1.20] | 1.11 [0.76–1.61] | 1..06 [0.87–1.29] | 1.33 [0.76–2.33] |
Non–Smoking Adults in Home | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI |
No | 2.17 [1.92–2.45] | 1.51 [1.19–1.91] | 0.55 [0.39–0.77] | ||||||
Yes | |||||||||
Smoke Free–Home Policy | |||||||||
Partial/None | NI | NI | NI | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Total Ban | 0.96 [0.83–1.12] | 0.95 [0.72–1.27] | 1.11 [0.93–1.32] | 1.07 [0.73–1.57] | 1.00 [0.81–1.24] | 1.08 [0.59–1.97] | |||
Smoke Free–Bar Policy | |||||||||
Partial/None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | NI | NI | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Total Ban | 0.95 [0.82–1.10] | 0.95 [0.71–1.27] | 1.05 [0.70–1.59] | 14.0 [11.7–16.8] | 1.32 [0.74–2.34] | 1.33 [1.04–1.70] | 0.61 [0.31–1.20] | ||
Smoke–Free Restaurant | |||||||||
Partial/None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | NI | NI | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Total Ban | 1.10 [0.93–1.30] | 1.03 [0.75–1.43] | 1.12 [0.69–1.80] | 13.9 [11.6–16.6] | 1.45 [1.08–1.95] | 1.61 [1.25–2.06] | 0.78 [0.38–1.63] | ||
Smoke–Free Worksite | |||||||||
Partial/None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | NI | NI |
Total Ban | 0.99 [0.80–1.22] | 1.14 [0.75–1.74] | 0.89 [0.51–1.55] | 1.23 [0.97–1.57] | 0.98 [0.65–1.49] | 1.58 [1.23–2.02] | 1.09 [0.67–1.77] | NI | NI |
Not employed outside home | 0.93 [0.74–1.17] | 1.03 [0.66–1.62] | 1.29 [0.72–2.30] | 1.31 [1.02–1.70] | 1.08 [0.70–1.66] | 1.46 [1.13–1.89] | 0.83 [0.51–1.37] | NI | NI |
Heaviness of Smoking Index | 0.74 [0.71–0.77] | 0.87 [0.80–0.94] | 1.32 [1.18–1.48] | 1.01 [0.97–1.06] | 1.02 [0.93–1.11] | 1.01 [0.96–1.07] | 1.08 [0.97–1.20] | 0.90 [0.84–0.96] | 0.87 [0.74–1.03] |
Public Smoking Ban Support | 1.34 [1.27–1.42] | 1.24 [1.12–1.38] | 0.85 [0.73–0.98] | 1.33 [1.26–1.41] | 1.20 [1.06–1.35] | 1.32 [1.23–1.41] | 1.22 [1.04–1.42] | 1.59 [1.46–1.73] | 1.23 [0.96–1.57] |
Variables | Socioeconomic Status | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Canada | United States | United Kingdom b | Australia | |||||||||||||
Low | Mod. | High | All | Low | Mod. | High | All | Low | Mod. | High | All | Low | Mod. | High | All | |
Wave 5 a | ||||||||||||||||
Current Smokers | ||||||||||||||||
Total ban | 82.7 | 82.3 | 86.4 | 83.6 | 37.6 | 36.9 | 44.9 | 39.1 | 27.7 | 18.4 | 15.5 | 19.7 | 41.2 | 44.9 | 41.6 | 43.4 |
Partial | 15.2 | 15.3 | 12.3 | 14.4 | 44.2 | 47.9 | 42.9 | 45.9 | 51.7 | 57.3 | 65.9 | 58.2 | 53.9 | 52.1 | 56.4 | 53.4 |
None | 2.1 | 2.4 | 1.3 | 2.0 | 18.2 | 15.2 | 12.2 | 15.0 | 20.6 | 24.3 | 18.6 | 22.1 | 4.9 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 3.2 |
n | 293 | 823 | 462 | 1,578 | 311 | 853 | 416 | 1,580 * | 365 | 785 | 314 | 1,464 * | 350 | 916 | 344 | 1,610 |
Former Smokers | ||||||||||||||||
Total ban | 87.0 | 87.0 | 76.6 | 83.0 | 54.3 | 46.3 | 59.1 | 52.9 | 20.0 | 13.5 | 25.0 | 18.0 | 50.0 | 48.7 | 46.1 | 48.1 |
Partial | 8.7 | 12.3 | 23.4 | 16.3 | 20.0 | 34.7 | 31.2 | 30.9 | 64.0 | 66.7 | 59.2 | 64.0 | 50.0 | 48.7 | 52.0 | 49.8 |
None | 4.3 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 25.7 | 19.0 | 9.7 | 16.2 | 16.0 | 19.8 | 15.8 | 18.0 | 0.0 | 2.6 | 1.9 | 2.1 |
n | 25 | 136 | 99 | 260 * | 42 | 101 | 81 | 224 | 58 | 142 | 73 | 273 | 46 | 188 | 99 | 333 |
Wave 6 a | ||||||||||||||||
Current Smokers | ||||||||||||||||
Total ban | 85.3 | 86.2 | 90.3 | 88.0 | 51.2 | 53.2 | 50.9 | 51.9 | 95.1 | 97.8 | 97.6 | 97.1 | 88.7 | 86.3 | 89.5 | 87.8 |
Partial | 12.7 | 13.6 | 9.1 | 11.3 | 38.3 | 31.8 | 39.5 | 36.3 | 3.1 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 10.4 | 13.0 | 10.0 | 11.5 |
None | 2.0 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 10.5 | 15.0 | 9.6 | 11.8 | 1.8 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.7 |
n | 251 | 596 | 713 | 1,560 * | 297 | 595 | 649 | 1,541 | 356 | 627 | 463 | 1,446 | 324 | 786 | 521 | 1,631 |
Former Smokers | ||||||||||||||||
Total ban | 87.5 | 88.8 | 91.5 | 90.0 | 47.6 | 49.3 | 51.8 | 50.5 | 91.3 | 96.2 | 97.0 | 95.3 | 83.7 | 83.6 | 93.9 | 87.9 |
Partial | 12.5 | 11.2 | 7.7 | 9.7 | 47.6 | 38.4 | 40.0 | 40.2 | 7.2 | 2.3 | 3.0 | 3.7 | 16.3 | 13.9 | 6.1 | 10.9 |
None | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 4.8 | 12.3 | 8.2 | 9.3 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 2.5 | 0.0 | 1.2 |
n | 39 | 100 | 141 | 280 | 28 | 85 | 116 | 229 | 85 | 132 | 111 | 328 | 44 | 150 | 152 | 346 * |
Between Waves among Continuing Smokers | ||||||||||||||||
Introduce smoke-free | 7.8 | 8.2 | 4.5 | 7.1 | 14.5 | 16.9 | 14.9 | 15.9 | 64.3 | 78.1 | 79.3 | 74.9 | 42.2 | 40.9 | 48.2 | 42.8 |
Retain smoke-free | 79.5 | 81.4 | 83.9 | 81.8 | 36.1 | 34.6 | 38.1 | 35.9 | 30.3 | 19.5 | 17.3 | 21.7 | 46.0 | 46.5 | 41.1 | 45.2 |
Retain smoking | 7.2 | 7.5 | 10.0 | 8.2 | 45.2 | 45.7 | 43.5 | 44.9 | 4.6 | 1.8 | 3.4 | 2.9 | 10.5 | 11.4 | 9.8 | 10.9 |
Remove smoke-free | 5.5 | 2.9 | 1.6 | 2.9 | 4.2 | 2.8 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.1 |
n | 166 | 547 | 310 | 1,023 | 166 | 462 | 255 | 883 | 238 | 497 | 208 | 943 * | 239 | 596 | 224 | 1,059 |
Variables | Socioeconomic Status | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Canada | United States | United Kingdomb | Australia | |||||||||||||
Low | Mod. | High | All | Low | Mod. | High | All | Low | Mod. | High | All | Low | Mod. | High | All | |
Wave 5 a | ||||||||||||||||
Current Smokers | ||||||||||||||||
Total ban | 90.8 | 90.0 | 94.6 | 91.5 | 50.9 | 53.2 | 58.8 | 54.2 | 34.3 | 26.4 | 24.0 | 27.5 | 81.5 | 86.3 | 82.5 | 84.5 |
Partial | 6.7 | 7.0 | 4.6 | 6.3 | 27.8 | 26.8 | 24.5 | 26.4 | 33.4 | 36.2 | 36.8 | 35.7 | 9.1 | 7.3 | 12.2 | 8.8 |
None | 2.5 | 3.0 | 0.8 | 2.2 | 21.3 | 20.0 | 16.7 | 19.4 | 32.3 | 37.4 | 39.2 | 36.8 | 9.4 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 6.7 |
n | 294 | 842 | 467 | 1,603 | 337 | 906 | 429 | 1,672 | 380 | 800 | 320 | 1,500* | 363 | 940 | 358 | 1,661 |
Former Smokers | ||||||||||||||||
Total ban | 96.2 | 91.2 | 93.9 | 92.7 | 60.5 | 56.0 | 64.2 | 60.1 | 36.4 | 33.3 | 26.3 | 32.0 | 85.7 | 92.1 | 86.7 | 89.7 |
Partial | 0.0 | 6.1 | 5.6 | 5.4 | 23.6 | 25.0 | 22.3 | 23.7 | 30.4 | 25.9 | 39.5 | 30.5 | 11.6 | 4.5 | 8.6 | 6.6 |
None | 3.8 | 2.7 | 0.5 | 1.9 | 15.9 | 19.0 | 13.5 | 16.2 | 33.2 | 40.8 | 34.2 | 37.5 | 2.7 | 3.4 | 4.7 | 3.7 |
n | 26 | 137 | 99 | 262 | 46 | 105 | 82 | 233 | 63 | 144 | 73 | 280 | 49 | 192 | 103 | 344 |
Wave 6 a | ||||||||||||||||
Current Smokers | ||||||||||||||||
Total ban | 96.0 | 93.8 | 95.7 | 95.0 | 69.9 | 64.1 | 63.8 | 65.0 | 95.2 | 97.5 | 97.8 | 97.1 | 90.7 | 94.0 | 94.7 | 93.7 |
Partial | 2.3 | 4.6 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 16.1 | 18.4 | 17.7 | 17.7 | 2.3 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 2.9 |
None | 1.7 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 14.0 | 17.5 | 18.5 | 17.3 | 2.5 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 6.4 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 3.4 |
n | 254 | 604 | 721 | 1,579 | 323 | 628 | 674 | 1,625 | 360 | 632 | 466 | 1,458* | 332 | 802 | 527 | 1,661 |
Former Smokers | ||||||||||||||||
Total ban | 91.9 | 93.3 | 95.9 | 94.4 | 58.3 | 60.7 | 61.4 | 60.9 | 95.9 | 100 | 97.3 | 98.2 | 93.3 | 94.0 | 97.5 | 95.5 |
Partial | 0.0 | 5.8 | 4.1 | 4.3 | 28.0 | 15.5 | 20.7 | 19.7 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 1.8 | 0.9 | 4.4 | 2.4 | 1.9 | 2.4 |
None | 8.1 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 13.7 | 23.8 | 17.9 | 19.4 | 2.7 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 2.3 | 3.6 | 0.6 | 2.1 |
n | 40 | 104 | 141 | 285 | 31 | 88 | 122 | 241 | 87 | 134 | 112 | 333 | 48 | 153 | 154 | 355 |
Between Waves among Continuing Smokers | ||||||||||||||||
Introduce smoke-free | 3.5 | 4.4 | 2.2 | 3.6 | 18.5 | 14.9 | 14.0 | 15.3 | 57.2 | 69.0 | 69.0 | 66.0 | 11.0 | 9.8 | 13.9 | 11.0 |
Retain smoke-free | 92.9 | 91.5 | 93.4 | 92.3 | 47.8 | 48.7 | 51.9 | 49.4 | 38.7 | 28.1 | 27.8 | 30.7 | 81.8 | 84.8 | 83.6 | 83.9 |
Retain smoking | 1.8 | 2.1 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 31.5 | 32.1 | 31.1 | 31.7 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 3.6 | 2.6 | 0.8 | 2.4 |
Remove smoke-free | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.8 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 4.3 | 3.0 | 3.6 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 3.6 | 2.8 | 1.7 | 2.7 |
n | 169 | 563 | 317 | 1,049 | 184 | 505 | 264 | 953 | 243 | 513 | 216 | 972 | 253 | 620 | 238 | 1,111 |
Variables | Socioeconomic Status | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Canada | United States | United Kingdom b | Australia | |||||||||||||
Low | Mod. | High | All | Low | Mod. | High | All | Low | Mod. | High | All | Low | Mod. | High | All | |
Wave 5 a | ||||||||||||||||
Current Smokers | ||||||||||||||||
Total ban | 85.8 | 86.4 | 91.8 | 88.2 | 67.5 | 75.7 | 83.2 | 76.8 | 74.2 | 75.8 | 80.3 | 77.0 | 88.0 | 83.7 | 91.6 | 86.3 |
Partial | 12.0 | 9.8 | 7.2 | 9.1 | 21.2 | 17.4 | 13.4 | 16.7 | 16.5 | 19.1 | 16.4 | 18.0 | 11.1 | 12.6 | 4.5 | 10.2 |
None | 2.2 | 3.8 | 1.0 | 2.7 | 11.3 | 6.9 | 3.4 | 6.5 | 9.3 | 5.1 | 3.3 | 5.0 | 0.9 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 3.5 |
n | 131 | 566 | 373 | 1,070 * | 130 | 500 | 298 | 928* | 108 | 532 | 256 | 896 | 123 | 646 | 293 | 1,062 * |
Former Smokers | ||||||||||||||||
Total ban | 100 | 84.8 | 91.9 | 88.5 | 82.4 | 87.7 | 98.7 | 92.7 | 68.2 | 77.6 | 90.0 | 80.9 | 93.3 | 90.6 | 94.7 | 92.2 |
Partial | 0.0 | 6.7 | 7.0 | 6.5 | 5.9 | 3.5 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 18.2 | 18.7 | 7.1 | 14.6 | 6.7 | 5.6 | 3.2 | 4.8 |
None | 0.0 | 8.5 | 1.1 | 5.0 | 11.7 | 8.8 | 1.3 | 5.3 | 13.6 | 3.7 | 2.9 | 4.5 | 0.0 | 3.8 | 2.1 | 3.0 |
n | 10 | 96 | 78 | 184 | 13 | 53 | 62 | 128 | 22 | 100 | 65 | 187* | 19 | 149 | 90 | 258 |
Wave 6 a | ||||||||||||||||
Current Smokers | ||||||||||||||||
Total ban | 88.6 | 85.1 | 87.0 | 86.4 | 73.9 | 72.4 | 79.3 | 75.9 | 94.9 | 95.4 | 97.4 | 96.1 | 84.5 | 84.9 | 89.0 | 86.5 |
Partial | 10.0 | 8.9 | 11.1 | 10.1 | 18.5 | 19.4 | 16.9 | 18.1 | 5.1 | 4.3 | 1.5 | 3.3 | 8.5 | 9.1 | 5.2 | 7.5 |
None | 1.4 | 6.0 | 1.9 | 3.5 | 7.6 | 8.2 | 3.8 | 6.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 7.0 | 6.0 | 5.8 | 6.0 |
n | 71 | 271 | 320 | 662 | 94 | 235 | 313 | 642 | 70 | 310 | 235 | 615 | 77 | 358 | 295 | 730 |
Former Smokers | ||||||||||||||||
Total ban | 90.0 | 86.8 | 84.8 | 86.4 | 100 | 71.4 | 92.6 | 83.0 | 66.7 | 97.5 | 89.6 | 90.0 | 100 | 83.7 | 89.2 | 87.5 |
Partial | 10.0 | 13.2 | 6.1 | 9.9 | 0.0 | 21.4 | 7.4 | 13.6 | 25.0 | 0.0 | 10.4 | 8.0 | 0.0 | 9.3 | 5.4 | 6.7 |
None | 0.0 | 0.0 | 9.1 | 3.7 | 0.0 | 7.2 | 0.0 | 3.4 | 8.3 | 2.5 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 7.0 | 5.4 | 5.8 |
n | 9 | 28 | 33 | 70 | 2 | 26 | 29 | 57 | 12 | 39 | 43 | 94* | 5 | 47 | 40 | 92 |
Between Waves among Continuing Smokers | ||||||||||||||||
Introduce smoke-free | 16.7 | 8.1 | 4.6 | 8.1 | 25.0 | 12.6 | 12.5 | 14.8 | 50.0 | 36.2 | 29.8 | 35.8 | 21.1 | 14.3 | 10.2 | 14.0 |
Retain smoke-free | 83.3 | 73.8 | 80.5 | 77.0 | 43.8 | 61.5 | 70.0 | 60.8 | 40.0 | 61.1 | 64.3 | 59.9 | 71.0 | 70.9 | 79.5 | 73.3 |
Retain smoking | 0.0 | 14.0 | 13.8 | 12.2 | 31.2 | 25.9 | 16.2 | 24.0 | 10.0 | 2.7 | 1.2 | 3.0 | 7.9 | 13.8 | 8.0 | 11.5 |
Remove smoke-free | 0.0 | 4.1 | 1.1 | 2.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.7 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 2.3 | 1.2 |
n | 36 | 172 | 87 | 295 * | 48 | 135 | 80 | 263 * | 30 | 185 | 84 | 299 * | 38 | 196 | 88 | 322 |
© 2011 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Share and Cite
King, B.A.; Hyland, A.J.; Borland, R.; McNeill, A.; Cummings, K.M. Socioeconomic Variation in the Prevalence, Introduction, Retention, and Removal of Smoke-Free Policies among Smokers: Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2011, 8, 411-434. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8020411
King BA, Hyland AJ, Borland R, McNeill A, Cummings KM. Socioeconomic Variation in the Prevalence, Introduction, Retention, and Removal of Smoke-Free Policies among Smokers: Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2011; 8(2):411-434. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8020411
Chicago/Turabian StyleKing, Brian A., Andrew J. Hyland, Ron Borland, Ann McNeill, and K. Michael Cummings. 2011. "Socioeconomic Variation in the Prevalence, Introduction, Retention, and Removal of Smoke-Free Policies among Smokers: Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 8, no. 2: 411-434. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8020411