Explorative Assessment of the Temperature–Mortality Association to Support Health-Based Heat-Warning Thresholds: A National Case-Crossover Study in Switzerland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Mortality Data
2.3. Temperature Data
2.4. Statistical Analyses
2.4.1. Temperature–Mortality Associations
2.4.2. Threshold Temperatures
2.4.3. Evaluation of Regional Variability
2.4.4. Stratified Analyses by Age Group, Season, and Time Period
2.4.5. Effect of Heatwave Duration
3. Results
3.1. Exploration of Threshold Temperatures
3.2. Analyses by Age Group, Season, and Time Period
3.3. Regional Variability
3.4. Effect of Heatwave Duration
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Deaths 1 | Tmean (°C) 2 | Tmax (°C) | Tmin (°C) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | p5 | p50 | p98 | p99 | p5 | p50 | p98 | p99 | p5 | p50 | p98 | p99 | ||
Switzerland | 300,295 | (100) | 10.1 | 17.0 | 25.0 | 25.9 | 13.8 | 22.4 | 32.5 | 33.6 | 6.0 | 12.3 | 18.5 | 19.1 |
Period 2003–2009 3 | 149,989 | (50) | 10.2 | 17.1 | 24.9 | 25.7 | 14.0 | 22.5 | 32.4 | 33.7 | 5.9 | 12.4 | 18.3 | 18.9 |
Period 2010–2016 3 | 150,306 | (50) | 10.0 | 16.9 | 25.2 | 26.0 | 13.6 | 22.3 | 32.6 | 33.6 | 6.1 | 12.2 | 18.6 | 19.3 |
Nordwestern Switzerland | 41,583 | (14) | 11.1 | 17.6 | 25.5 | 26.5 | 14.8 | 23.2 | 33.5 | 34.6 | 6.7 | 12.8 | 18.6 | 19.1 |
Espace Mittelland | 72,619 | (24) | 9.8 | 16.5 | 24.4 | 25.3 | 13.6 | 22.0 | 32.1 | 33.3 | 5.6 | 11.8 | 17.8 | 18.4 |
Zurich | 50,462 | (17) | 10.4 | 17.1 | 25.2 | 26.0 | 13.8 | 22.4 | 32.8 | 33.9 | 6.4 | 12.6 | 18.4 | 18.9 |
Central Switzerland | 25,785 | (9) | 9.6 | 16.5 | 24.3 | 25.1 | 13.1 | 21.6 | 31.7 | 32.7 | 5.8 | 12.0 | 17.9 | 18.4 |
Estern Switzerland | 42,582 | (14) | 8.8 | 16.0 | 24.1 | 24.9 | 12.5 | 21.1 | 31.5 | 32.6 | 5.0 | 11.6 | 17.6 | 18.1 |
Lake Geneva region | 53,419 | (18) | 10.7 | 17.6 | 25.5 | 26.5 | 14.8 | 23.1 | 32.7 | 33.9 | 6.5 | 12.8 | 19.1 | 19.8 |
Ticino | 13,845 | (5) | 12.8 | 19.1 | 25.9 | 26.6 | 17.0 | 24.9 | 32.7 | 33.5 | 8.5 | 14.3 | 19.9 | 20.6 |
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Ragettli, M.S.; Saucy, A.; Flückiger, B.; Vienneau, D.; de Hoogh, K.; Vicedo-Cabrera, A.M.; Schindler, C.; Röösli, M. Explorative Assessment of the Temperature–Mortality Association to Support Health-Based Heat-Warning Thresholds: A National Case-Crossover Study in Switzerland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 4958. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064958
Ragettli MS, Saucy A, Flückiger B, Vienneau D, de Hoogh K, Vicedo-Cabrera AM, Schindler C, Röösli M. Explorative Assessment of the Temperature–Mortality Association to Support Health-Based Heat-Warning Thresholds: A National Case-Crossover Study in Switzerland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(6):4958. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064958
Chicago/Turabian StyleRagettli, Martina S., Apolline Saucy, Benjamin Flückiger, Danielle Vienneau, Kees de Hoogh, Ana M. Vicedo-Cabrera, Christian Schindler, and Martin Röösli. 2023. "Explorative Assessment of the Temperature–Mortality Association to Support Health-Based Heat-Warning Thresholds: A National Case-Crossover Study in Switzerland" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 6: 4958. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064958