Influence of Farm Environment on Asthma during the Life Course: A Population-Based Birth Cohort Study in Northern Finland
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Male (n = 5512) | Female (n = 5414) | All (n = 10,926) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | %, Mean (SD) | n | %, Mean (SD) | n | %, Mean (SD) | |
At birth | ||||||
Farmer family 1 | 5510 | 5412 | 10,923 | |||
No | 4519 | 82.0 | 4385 | 81.0 | 8904 | 81.5 |
Yes | 991 | 18.0 | 1028 | 19.0 | 2019 | 18.5 |
Living place | ||||||
City/urban | 1647 | 29.9 | 1651 | 30.5 | 3306 | 30.2 |
Rural | 3865 | 70.1 | 3763 | 69.5 | 7641 | 69.8 |
SEP 2 | 5510 | −0.2 (0.999) | 5413 | −0.02 (0.999) | 10,923 | −0.02 (0.99) |
Birth weight 100 g | 5511 | 35.5 (5.4) | 5414 | 34.2 (5.1) | 10,925 | 34.9 (5.3) |
Family size (number of persons) | 5411 | 4.3 (2.1) | 5306 | 4.3 (2.1) | 10,717 | 4.3 (2.1) |
Maternal smoking 3 | 5389 | 5293 | 10,682 | |||
Yes | 1174 | 21.3 | 1113 | 21.0 | 2287 | 21.4 |
No | 4215 | 78.2 | 4180 | 79.0 | 8395 | 78.6 |
Maternal BMI | 4996 | 23.1 (3.2) | 4961 | 23.1 (3.2) | 9957 | 23 (3.2) |
At age 14 | ||||||
Asthma 4 | 5512 | 5414 | 10,926 | |||
Never | 5394 | 97.9 | 5340 | 98.6 | 10,734 | 98.2 |
Ever | 118 | 2.1 | 74 | 1.4 | 192 | 1.8 |
BMI | 5066 | 19.3 (2.6) | 5046 | 19.4 (2.5) | 10,112 | 19.6 (2.5) |
Frequency of physical activity | 5393 | 5314 | 10,707 | |||
Every day | 1220 | 22.6 | 650 | 12.2 | 1870 | 17.5 |
Every second day | 1362 | 25.3 | 809 | 15.2 | 2171 | 20.3 |
Twice a week | 1180 | 21.9 | 1164 | 21.9 | 2344 | 21.9 |
Once a week | 671 | 12.4 | 1026 | 19.3 | 1697 | 15.8 |
Every second week | 139 | 2.6 | 196 | 3.7 | 335 | 3.1 |
Once a month | 152 | 2.8 | 238 | 4.5 | 390 | 3.6 |
Usually never | 669 | 12.4 | 1231 | 23.2 | 1900 | 17.7 |
Father’s smoking | 5232 | 5130 | 10,362 | |||
No | 1283 | 24.5 | 1278 | 24.9 | 2561 | 24.7 |
Yes | 3949 | 75.5 | 3852 | 75.1 | 7801 | 75.3 |
At age 31 | ||||||
Asthma 4 | 3916 | 4337 | 8253 | |||
Never | 3468 | 88.6 | 3832 | 88.4 | 7300 | 88.5 |
Ever | 448 | 11.4 | 505 | 11.6 | 953 | 11.5 |
Farmer | 3908 | 4339 | 8247 | |||
Yes | 143 | 3.7 | 97 | 2.2 | 240 | 2.9 |
No | 3765 | 96.3 | 4242 | 97.8 | 8007 | 97.1 |
SEP 5 | 3908 | −0.0 (1.1) | 4339 | −0.01 (0.897) | ||
BMI | 3936 | 25.3 (3.6) | 4315 | 23.9 (4.5) | 8251 | 24.5 (4.1) |
Physical activity | 3917 | 4324 | 8241 | |||
Once a month or less | 848 | 21.6 | 816 | 18.9 | 1664 | 20.2 |
2–3 times per month | 537 | 13.7 | 587 | 13.6 | 1124 | 13.6 |
Once a week | 832 | 21.2 | 1083 | 25.0 | 1915 | 23.2 |
2–3 times per week | 1148 | 29.3 | 1311 | 30.3 | 2459 | 29.8 |
4–6 times per week | 452 | 11.5 | 410 | 9.5 | 862 | 10.5 |
Daily | 100 | 2.6 | 117 | 2.7 | 217 | 2.6 |
Healthy diet sum score 6 | 3831 | 2.6 (1.7) | 4263 | 3.6 (1.8) | 8094 | 3.1 (1.8) |
Unhealthy diet sum score 7 | 3784 | 2.5 (1.5) | 4224 | 1.6 (1.2) | 8008 | 2.0 (1.4) |
At age 46 | ||||||
Asthma 4 | 2883 | 3471 | 6593 | |||
Never | 2536 | 88.0 | 2927 | 84.3 | 5672 | 86.0 |
Ever | 347 | 12.0 | 544 | 15.7 | 921 | 14.0 |
Asthma 1 at Age 46 | |||
---|---|---|---|
Asthma 1 at Age 31 | Never (%) | Ever (%) | Total (%) |
Females | |||
Never | 2566 (89.9) | 287 (10.1) | 2853 (100.0) |
Ever | 105 (33.1) | 212 (66.9) | 317 (100.0) |
Total | 2671 (84.3) | 499 (15.7) | 3170 (100.0) |
Males | |||
Never | 2116 (93.6) | 145 (6.4) | 2261 (100.0) |
Ever | 100 (38.8) | 158 (61.2) | 258 (100.0) |
Total | 2216 (88.0) | 303 (12.0) | 2519 (100.0) |
Asthma 1 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Females | Males | |||||||
Model 1 (n = 4810) | Model 2 (n = 4206) | Model 1 (n = 4849) | Model 2 (n = 4197) | |||||
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
Birth | ||||||||
Farmer family 2 | 0.530 | 0.184, 1.524 | 0.549 | 0.189, 1.590 | 0.818 | 0.412, 1.627 | 0.855 | 0.398, 1.840 |
Living place | 0.642 | 0.386, 1.067 | 0.680 | 0.400, 1.155 | 0.706 | 0.462, 1.081 | 0.843 | 0.525, 1.352 |
SEP 3 | 0.978 | 0.749, 1.279 | 0.950 | 0.718, 1.257 | 0.958 | 0.769, 1.193 | 0.968 | 0.758, 1.238 |
Birth weight | 1.024 | 0.974, 1.076 | 1.018 | 0.967, 1.072 | 1.005 | 0.969, 1.043 | 0.999 | 0.959, 1.041 |
Family size | 0.889 | 0.763, 1.037 | 0.905 | 0.772, 1.060 | 1.001 | 0.897, 1.118 | 1.009 | 0.892, 1.140 |
Maternal smoking 4 | 1.278 | 0.739, 2.210 | 1.348 | 0.759, 4.448 | 1.188 | 0.760, 1.858 | 1.249 | 0.767, 2.035 |
Maternal BMI | 0.997 | 0.916, 1.084 | 0.992 | 0.906, 1.086 | 0.990 | 0.927, 1.057 | 0.932 | 0.861, 1.010 |
14 years | ||||||||
BMI | 1.009 | 0.910, 1.117 | 1.043 | 0.964, 1.128 | ||||
Physical activity 5 | 1.020 | 0.905, 1.151 | 1.047 | 0.939, 1.167 | ||||
Paternal smoking 6 | 1.140 | 0.628, 2.069 | 1.404 | 0.815, 2.417 | ||||
R2 | 0.024 | 0.021 | 0.006 | 0.013 |
Asthma 1 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Females | Males | |||||||
Model 1 (n = 3859) | Model 2 (n = 3188) | Model 1 (n = 3465) | Model 2 (n = 2826) | |||||
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
Birth | ||||||||
Farmer family 2 | 0.757 | 0.539, 1.064 | 0.773 | 0.534, 1.119 | 0.704 | 0.492, 1.007 | 0.557 | 0.365, 0.851 |
Living place | 0.855 | 0.681, 1.073 | 0.873 | 0.679, 1.123 | 0.803 | 0.632, 1.021 | 0.906 | 0.690, 1.190 |
SEP 3 | 0.894 | 0.795, 1.005 | 0.875 | 0.767, 0.997 | 0.926 | 0.820, 1.046 | 0.844 | 0.734, 0.971 |
Birth weight | 1.002 | 0.981, 1.022 | 0.998 | 0.976, 1.021 | 0.998 | 0.978, 1.018 | 0.996 | 0.973, 1.019 |
Family size | 1.028 | 0.973, 1.086 | 1.043 | 0.981, 1.108 | 1.600 | 1.000, 1.123 | 1.078 | 1.009, 1.151 |
Maternal smoking 4 | 1.302 | 1.022, 1.658 | 1.274 | 0.967, 1.677 | 1.094 | 0.846, 1.416 | 1.075 | 0.801, 1.443 |
Maternal BMI | 0.982 | 0.948, 1.016 | 0.962 | 0.925, 1.001 | 1.009 | 0.975, 1.045 | 0.993 | 0.952, 1.035 |
14 years | ||||||||
BMI | 1.000 | 0.948, 1.056 | 0.992 | 0.938, 1.048 | ||||
Physical activity 5 | 1.026 | 0.971, 1.084 | 1.028 | 0.964, 1.097 | ||||
Paternal smoking 6 | 0.849 | 0.664, 1.087 | 1.227 | 0.920, 1.634 | ||||
31 years | ||||||||
Farmer | 1.141 | 0.465, 2.801 | 0.702 | 0.296, 1.661 | ||||
SEP 7 | 0.960 | 0.829, 1.112 | 1.079 | 0.938, 1.241 | ||||
BMI | 1.060 | 1.030, 1.090 | 1.037 | 0.999, 1.077 | ||||
Physical activity 8 | 1.117 | 1.027, 1.216 | 1.079 | 0.987, 1.179 | ||||
Healthy diet 9 | 0.947 | 0.890, 1.009 | 0.957 | 0.888, 1.031 | ||||
Unhealthy diet 10 | 1.006 | 0.921, 1.099 | 0.998 | 0.921, 1.082 | ||||
R2 | 0.007 | 0.026 | 0.006 | 0.017 |
Asthma 1 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Females | Males | |||||||
Model 1 (n = 3106) | Model 2 (n = 2389) | Model 1 (n = 2569) | Model 2 (n = 1861) | |||||
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
Birth | ||||||||
Farmer family 2 | 0.805 | 0.573, 1.130 | 0.643 | 0.436, 0.948 | 0.762 | 0.514, 1.129 | 0.819 | 0.509, 1.319 |
Living place | 0.833 | 0.668, 1.040 | 0.883 | 0.685, 1.138 | 0.934 | 0.707, 1232 | 0.886 | 0.635, 1.238 |
SEP 3 | 1.020 | 0.907, 1.147 | 0.985 | 0.860, 1.128 | 0.901 | 0.785, 1.035 | 0.869 | 0.733, 1.030 |
Birth weight | 0.996 | 0.976, 1.016 | 0.996 | 0.972, 1.020 | 0.986 | 0.964, 1.008 | 0.972 | 0.945, 1.000 |
Family size | 1.026 | 0.972, 1.084 | 1.053 | 0.989, 1.121 | 1.014 | 0.948, 1.084 | 1.067 | 0.986, 1.154 |
Maternal smoking 4 | 1.323 | 1.042, 1.681 | 1.189 | 0.893, 1.582 | 1.253 | 0.934, 1.680 | 1.185 | 0.827, 1.700 |
Maternal BMI | 0.994 | 0.961, 1.027 | 0.965 | 0.927, 1.004 | 1.053 | 1.013, 1.094 | 1.043 | 0.994, 1.094 |
14 years | ||||||||
BMI | 1.014 | 0.959, 1.071 | 0.990 | 0.924, 1.061 | ||||
Physical activity 5 | 0.994 | 0.939, 1.053 | 1.034 | 0.956, 1.118 | ||||
Paternal smoking 6 | 1.150 | 0.885, 1.496 | 1.246 | 0.886, 1.753 | ||||
31 years | ||||||||
Farmer | 1.666 | 0.740, 3.754 | 0.519 | 0.172, 1.567 | ||||
SEP 7 | 1.031 | 0.884, 1.203 | 1.009 | 0.856, 1.188 | ||||
BMI | 1.057 | 1.027, 1.089 | 1.032 | 0.982, 1.084 | ||||
Physical activity 8 | 0.983 | 0.902, 1.071 | 1.039 | 0.931, 1.159 | ||||
Healthy diet 9 | 0.974 | 0.913, 1.038 | 1.047 | 0.960, 1.142 | ||||
Unhealthy diet 10 | 1.042 | 0.951, 1.141 | 0.954 | 0.865, 1.053 | ||||
R2 | 0.008 | 0.033 | 0.009 | 0.022 |
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Kantomaa, M.T.; Tolvanen, M.; Halonen, M.; Svanes, C.; Järvelin, M.-R.; Sebert, S. Influence of Farm Environment on Asthma during the Life Course: A Population-Based Birth Cohort Study in Northern Finland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 2128. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032128
Kantomaa MT, Tolvanen M, Halonen M, Svanes C, Järvelin M-R, Sebert S. Influence of Farm Environment on Asthma during the Life Course: A Population-Based Birth Cohort Study in Northern Finland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(3):2128. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032128
Chicago/Turabian StyleKantomaa, Marko T., Mimmi Tolvanen, Miia Halonen, Cecilie Svanes, Marjo-Riitta Järvelin, and Sylvain Sebert. 2023. "Influence of Farm Environment on Asthma during the Life Course: A Population-Based Birth Cohort Study in Northern Finland" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3: 2128. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032128
APA StyleKantomaa, M. T., Tolvanen, M., Halonen, M., Svanes, C., Järvelin, M.-R., & Sebert, S. (2023). Influence of Farm Environment on Asthma during the Life Course: A Population-Based Birth Cohort Study in Northern Finland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 2128. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032128