Soil and Vegetation Development on Coal-Waste Dump in Southern Poland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site Description
2.2. Plant Sampling
2.3. Plant Chemical Composition
2.4. Soil Sampling
2.5. Statistical Analyses
2.6. Soil Organic Matter
3. Results
3.1. Vegetation Changes
3.2. Primary Succession
3.3. Secondary Succession
3.4. Flora Diversity
3.5. Soil Morphology
3.6. Soil Physico-Chemical Features
3.7. Soil Organic Matter Composition
3.8. The Major Element Composition of Ch. palustre, C. epigejos, R. pseudacacia, and Soil
3.9. The Heavy Metal Content of Ch. palustre, C. epigejos, R. pseudacacia, and Soil
4. Discussion
4.1. Habitat Conditions and the Course of Succession
4.2. Soil Properties on the Coal-Waste Dump
4.3. Soil Organic Matter Differentiation
4.4. The Contents of Heavy Metals in Soil and Plants
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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[mm] | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Horizon | Depth [cm] | >20.0 | 20.0–10.0 | 10.0–5.0 | 5.0–2.0 | 2.0–1.0 | 1.0–0.5 | 0.5–0.25 | 0.25–0.1 | 0.1–0.05 | 0.05–0.02 | 0.02–0.006 | 0.006–0.002 | <0.002 |
[%] | ||||||||||||||
Profile 1 Communities with Chamaenerion palustre | ||||||||||||||
C1 | 0–14 | 9.7 | 20.0 | 17.3 | 21.1 | 12.9 | 4.0 | 5.5 | 2.7 | 2.3 | 0.9 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 0.8 |
C1 | 14–90 | 4.1 | 22.4 | 20.6 | 21.9 | 13.8 | 4.6 | 5.1 | 2.0 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.5 |
Profile 2 Communities with Calamagrostis epigejos | ||||||||||||||
A | 0–13 | 4.2 | 12.9 | 17.1 | 20.5 | 12.0 | 3.6 | 9.9 | 4.7 | 3.0 | 2.3 | 4.3 | 1.8 | 3.7 |
ACq | 13–45 | - | 11.4 | 17.9 | 24.4 | 10.5 | 6.4 | 6.9 | 3.9 | 2.5 | 1.8 | 4.6 | 2.9 | 6.8 |
Cq | 45–65 | 9.8 | 25.7 | 24.6 | 17.2 | 7.9 | 3.7 | 4.3 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 0.4 |
Profile 3 Communities with Robinia pseudacacia | ||||||||||||||
Olfh | 4–0 | 3.7 | 12.1 | 4.2 | 4.5 | 8.6 | 10.2 | 8 | 16.8 | 13.6 | 7.2 | 11.1 | ||
A | 0–23 | - | 16.3 | 11.7 | 14.1 | 16.0 | 2.6 | 5.7 | 4.8 | 3.0 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 4.3 | 10.5 |
ACq | 23–60 | - | 13.7 | 20.9 | 27.5 | 14.4 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 2.5 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 2.3 | 1.5 | 2.6 |
Cq | 60–80 | 7.5 | 19.1 | 20.9 | 22.4 | 5.7 | 2.2 | 3.9 | 2.7 | 1.7 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 2.2 | 5.1 |
Profile 4 Organic mineral crusts with green algae | ||||||||||||||
(1) OC | 0.4 | - | - | 1.7 | 4.1 | 11.8 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 3.4 | 4.6 | 23.9 | 19.8 | 25.6 |
(2) OC | 0.5 | - | - | 0.4 | 3.3 | 6.5 | 2.7 | 4.6 | 5.3 | 9.9 | 34.0 | 18.0 | 4.5 | 10.8 |
(3) OC | 0.6 | - | - | - | - | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 3.9 | 28.7 | 35.6 | 14.8 | 12.8 |
(4) OC | 0.5 | - | - | - | - | 1.9 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 2.9 | 23.5 | 40.2 | 15.7 | 12.7 |
(5) OC | 0.9 | - | - | 0.6 | 2.0 | 9.3 | 1.2 | 3.1 | 2.8 | 5.3 | 27.3 | 29.9 | 11.5 | 7.0 |
Soil Horizons | Depth [cm] | pH | Loss on Ignition | Corg. | Nt | C/N | Mg Avail. | P Avail. | Pt | K Avail. | Hh [cmol(+)/kg] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H2O | KCl | [%] | [mg·kg−1] | |||||||||
Profile 1 Chamaenerion palustre | ||||||||||||
C1 | 0–14 | 6.9 | 6.7 | 34.75 | 25.8 | 0.538 | 48 | 343.5 | 0.90 | 558.0 | 197.0 | 1.92 |
C1 | 14–90 | 6.6 | 6.5 | 34.14 | 31.2 | 0.316 | 99 | 498.0 | 1.00 | 572.0 | 249.0 | 1.84 |
Profile 2 Communities with Calamagrostis epigejos | ||||||||||||
A | 0–13 | 6.9 | 6.5 | 30.86 | 26.7 | 0.688 | 39 | 319.5 | 0.00 | 387.0 | 139.0 | 2.00 |
ACq | 13–45 | 7.1 | 6.8 | 43.48 | 41.6 | 0.531 | 78 | 284.5 | 1.05 | 705.0 | 159.0 | 1.60 |
Cq | 45–65 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 40.85 | 32.9 | 0.754 | 44 | 475.0 | 1.40 | 578.0 | 136.5 | 5.68 |
Profile 3 Communities with Robinia pseudacacia | ||||||||||||
Olfh | 4–0 | 5.8 | 5.3 | 46.5 | 26.4 | 0.751 | 35 | 299.0 | 0.70 | 440.0 | 191.5 | 4.36 |
A | 0–23 | 4.8 | 4.1 | 18.73 | 10.7 | 0.884 | 12 | 326.0 | 1.40 | 196.0 | 143.0 | 5.36 |
ACq | 23–60 | 5.5 | 5.2 | 32.84 | 27.5 | 0.402 | 68 | 357.5 | 1.92 | 281.6 | 132.0 | 3.76 |
Cq | 60–80 | 5.4 | 5.1 | 24.37 | 14.5 | 0.706 | 21 | 393.5 | 0.60 | 318.0 | 143.0 | 3.92 |
Profile 4 Organic mineral crusts with green algae | ||||||||||||
(1) OC | 0.4 | 7.6 | 7.1 | 24.82 | 20.7 | 0.297 | 70 | 481.0 | 0.00 | 455.0 | 251.5 | 2.00 |
(2) OC | 0.5 | 6.8 | 6.5 | 14.83 | 9.6 | 1.132 | 8 | 263.5 | 16.20 | 954.0 | 207.0 | 3.12 |
(3) OC | 0.6 | 7.1 | 6.9 | 21.46 | 14.0 | 0.450 | 31 | 345.5 | 7.32 | 1588.0 | 199.0 | 2.32 |
(4) OC | 0.5 | 7.1 | 6.8 | 22.47 | 16.1 | 0.446 | 36 | 507.0 | 7.40 | 1580.0 | 202.0 | 2.80 |
(5) OC | 0.9 | 7.4 | 7.3 | 22.12 | 16.0 | 0.610 | 26 | 670.0 | 9.77 | 1310.0 | 277.0 | 2.04 |
Ca | K | Na | Mg | P | Fe | S | Al | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[mg·kg−1] | ||||||||
plants parts | plant materials | |||||||
Chamaenerion palustre | ||||||||
aboveground | 7000 | 6200 | 30 | 3480 | 710 | 310 | 2200 | <100 |
roots | 8400 | 5700 | 30 | 4040 | 530 | 710 | 1600 | 200 |
Calamagrostis epigejos | ||||||||
aboveground | 1400 | 9700 | 20 | 850 | 1118 | 250 | 1300 | <100 |
roots | 1100 | 3200 | 110 | 760 | 8600 | 12,610 | 2200 | 4000 |
Robinia pseudacacia | ||||||||
leaves | 12,400 | 13,700 | 3 | 3140 | 1350 | 170 | 2100 | <100 |
bark | 16,800 | 3300 | 2 | 510 | 320 | 210 | 1700 | <100 |
roots | 3800 | 11,600 | 5 | 1320 | 1030 | 2510 | 3000 | 1000 |
pods | 2900 | 9300 | <1 | 1470 | 2510 | 6 | 1900 | <100 |
horizon and depth [cm] | soil materials | |||||||
Profile 1 under Chamaenerion palustre | ||||||||
C1 (0–14) | 4200 | 1400 | 80 | 3100 | 580 | 15,900 | 3500 | 5400 |
C2 (14–90) | 5700 | 1600 | 90 | 4500 | 530 | 18,100 | 5800 | 5500 |
Profile 2 under Calamagrostis epigejos | ||||||||
A (0–13) | 6600 | 1500 | 90 | 4700 | 310 | 13,800 | 2600 | 6100 |
ACq (13–45) | 3200 | 1600 | 90 | 2600 | 340 | 18,700 | 7700 | 5300 |
Cq (45–65) | 1600 | 1700 | 90 | 1600 | 300 | 18,800 | 9600 | 5200 |
Profile 3 under Robinia pseudacacia | ||||||||
A (0–23) | 1500 | 1600 | 70 | 2700 | 290 | 26,200 | 1300 | 6600 |
ACq (23–60) | 1000 | 1600 | 70 | 1900 | 140 | 11,700 | 2100 | 5600 |
Cq (60–80) | 1600 | 1700 | 70 | 2100 | 380 | 16,300 | 2300 | 6700 |
Zn | Pb | Cd | Co | Ni | Hg | Cu | As | Cr | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[mg·kg−1] | |||||||||
plant parts | plant materials | ||||||||
Chamaenerion palustre | |||||||||
aboveground | 65.4 | 2.89 | 0.19 | 0.44 | 1.8 | 0.023 | 19.83 | <0.1 | 2.3 |
roots | 35.4 | 2.06 | 0.11 | 1.16 | 4.1 | 0.01 | 8.71 | <0.1 | 2.1 |
Calamagrostis epigejos | |||||||||
aboveground | 22.8 | 0.98 | 0.16 | 0.35 | 1.6 | 0.01 | 2.98 | 0.3 | 1.4 |
roots | 70.0 | 21.16 | 1.12 | 17.50 | 25.9 | 0.193 | 37.53 | 10.3 | 9.8 |
Robinia pseudacacia | |||||||||
leaves | 29.4 | 0.99 | 0.14 | 0.52 | 5.0 | 0.028 | 4.88 | <0.1 | 1.7 |
bark | 14.8 | 3.32 | 0.18 | 0.51 | 2.2 | 0.007 | 5.39 | <0.1 | 1.7 |
roots | 35.3 | 5.81 | 0.26 | 3.26 | 12.2 | 0.031 | 15.54 | 0.9 | 4.2 |
pods | 27.7 | 0.21 | 0.08 | 0.77 | 10.1 | >0.001 | 9.76 | <0.1 | 1.8 |
horizon and depth [cm] | soil materials | ||||||||
Profile 1—with Chamaenerion palustre | |||||||||
C1 (0–14) | 49 | 23.6 | <0.1 | 7.7 | 18.1 | 0.08 | 39.7 | 3.9 | 8 |
C2 (14–90) | 42 | 21.2 | <0.1 | 8.8 | 21.8 | 0.09 | 39.5 | 4.0 | 9 |
Profile 2—with Calamagrostis epigejos | |||||||||
A (0–13) | 50 | 21.4 | 0.2 | 7.6 | 22.9 | 0.13 | 32.7 | 5.1 | 10 |
ACq (13–45) | 44 | 21.5 | <0.1 | 8.7 | 25.4 | 0.20 | 35.7 | 10.0 | 9 |
Cq (45–65) | 46 | 25.2 | <0.1 | 10.7 | 31.5 | 0.28 | 40.2 | 14.4 | 8 |
Profile 3—with Robinia pseudacacia | |||||||||
A (0–23) | 74 | 17.2 | 0.2 | 8.5 | 25.5 | 0.09 | 26.7 | 4.8 | 14 |
ACq (23–60) | 46 | 16.5 | <0.1 | 8.7 | 24.3 | 0.07 | 31.7 | 2.4 | 10 |
Cq (60–80) | 62 | 20.5 | 0.2 | 10.2 | 27.4 | 0.13 | 30.7 | 5.6 | 12 |
Sample | CRUST WITH ALGAE (Profile 4) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[mg·kg−1] | ||||||||
Ca | K | Na | Mg | P | Fe | S | Al | |
1 (OC) | 5400 | 2100 | 570 | 4000 | 1100 | 19,100 | 2600 | 8700 |
2 (OC) | 4800 | 1500 | 200 | 2800 | 1550 | 21,400 | 2700 | 8400 |
3 (OC) | 9000 | 1800 | 220 | 4600 | 2460 | 28,800 | 3200 | 13,000 |
4 (OC) | 12,700 | 1900 | 330 | 5500 | 2820 | 33,600 | 3500 | 14,400 |
5 (OC) | 5900 | 2000 | 540 | 3800 | 1240 | 18,800 | 2400 | 9400 |
Sample | CRUST WITH ALGAE (Profile 4) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[mg·kg−1] | |||||||||
Zn | Pb | Cd | Co | Ni | Hg | Cu | As | Cr | |
1 (OC) | 277 | 41.8 | 1.4 | 15.9 | 31.9 | 0.12 | 52.9 | 6.9 | 23 |
2 (OC) | 308 | 41.8 | 1.8 | 12.4 | 27.6 | 0.14 | 41.4 | 6.7 | 26 |
3 (OC) | 649 | 66.4 | 3.4 | 16.9 | 36.3 | 0.18 | 63.7 | 11.0 | 44 |
4 (OC) | 736 | 76.0 | 4.2 | 19.7 | 40.6 | 0.24 | 72.9 | 12.6 | 50 |
5 (OC) | 319 | 38.2 | 1.7 | 13.0 | 29.6 | 0.11 | 42.6 | 6.8 | 25 |
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Rahmonov, O.; Czajka, A.; Nádudvari, Á.; Fajer, M.; Spórna, T.; Szypuła, B. Soil and Vegetation Development on Coal-Waste Dump in Southern Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 9167. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159167
Rahmonov O, Czajka A, Nádudvari Á, Fajer M, Spórna T, Szypuła B. Soil and Vegetation Development on Coal-Waste Dump in Southern Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(15):9167. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159167
Chicago/Turabian StyleRahmonov, Oimahmad, Agnieszka Czajka, Ádám Nádudvari, Maria Fajer, Tomasz Spórna, and Bartłomiej Szypuła. 2022. "Soil and Vegetation Development on Coal-Waste Dump in Southern Poland" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15: 9167. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159167