Non-Obese Type 2 Diabetes with a History of Being an Extremely Preterm Small-for-Gestational-Age Infant without Early Adiposity Rebound
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Case Presentation
2.1. Clinical Course and Condition
2.2. Treatments
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Barker, D.J.P.; Hales, C.N.; Fall, C.H.D.; Osmond, C.; Phipps, K.; Clark, P.M. Type 2 (Non-insulin Dependent) Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension and Hyperlipidemia (Syndrome X); Relation to Reduced Fetal Growth. Diabetologia 1993, 36, 62–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Barker, D.J.P.; Osmond, C.; Forsén, T.J.; Kajantie, E.; Eriksson, J.G. Trajectories of Growth Among Children Who Have Coronary Events as Adults. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005, 353, 1802–1809. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Eriksson, J.G.; Forsén, T.; Tuomilehto, J.; Osmond, C.; Barker, D.J. Early Adiposity Rebound in Childhood and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Adult Life. Diabetologia 2003, 46, 190–194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bhargava, S.K.; Sachdev, H.S.; Fall, C.H.; Osmond, C.; Lakshmy, R.; Barker, D.J.; Biswas, S.K.; Ramji, S.; Prabhakaran, D.; Reddy, K.S. Relation of Serial Changes in Childhood Body-Mass Index to Impaired Glucose Tolerance in Young Adulthood. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004, 350, 865–875. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rolland-Cachera, M.F.; Deheeger, M.; Bellisle, F.; Sempé, M.; Guilloud-Bataille, M.; Patois, E. Adiposity Rebound in Children: A Simple Indicator for Predicting Obesity. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1984, 39, 129–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rolland-Cachera, M.F.; Deheeger, M.; Maillot, M.; Bellisle, F. Early Adiposity Rebound: Causes and Consequences for Obesity in Children and Adults. Int. J. Obes. 2006, 30 (Suppl. 4), S11–S17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Koyama, S.; Ichikawa, G.; Kojima, M.; Shimura, N.; Sairenchi, T.; Arisaka, O. Adiposity Rebound and the Development of Metabolic Syndrome. Pediatrics 2014, 133, e114–e119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Arisaka, O.; Sairenchi, T.; Ichikawa, G.; Koyama, S. Increase of Body Mass Index (BMI) from 1.5 to 3 Years of Age Augments the Degree of Insulin Resistance Corresponding to BMI at 12 Years of Age. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 2017, 30, 455–457. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maeyama, K.; Morioka, I.; Iwatani, S.; Fukushima, S.; Kurokawa, D.; Yamana, K.; Nishida, K.; Ohyama, S.; Fujioka, K.; Awano, H.; et al. Gestational Age-Dependency of Height and Body Mass Index Trajectories During the First 3 Years in Japanese Small-for-Gestational Age Children. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 38659. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shoji, H.; Murano, Y.; Nojiri, S.; Arai, Y.; Awata, K.; Ikeda, N.; Ohkawa, N.; Nishizaki, N.; Suganuma, H.; Hisata, K.; et al. Growth Trajectories During the First 6 Years in Survivors Born at Less Than 25 Weeks of Gestation Compared with Those Between 25 and 29 Weeks. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 1418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- DeFronzo, R.A.; Tripathy, D. Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance Is the Primary Defect in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009, 32 (Suppl. 2), S157–S163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Morrison, K.M.; Ramsingh, L.; Gunn, E.; Streiner, D.; Van Lieshout, R.; Boyle, M.; Gerstein, H.; Schmidt, L.; Saigal, S. Cardiometabolic Health in Adults Born Premature with Extremely Low Birth Weight. Pediatrics 2016, 138, e20160515. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hovi, P.; Andersson, S.; Eriksson, J.G.; Järvenpää, A.L.; Strang-Karlsson, S.; Mäkitie, O.; Kajantie, E. Glucose Regulation in Young Adults with Very Low Birth Weight. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007, 356, 2053–2063. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Giannì, M.L.; Roggero, P.; Piemontese, P.; Morlacchi, L.; Bracco, B.; Taroni, F.; Garavaglia, E.; Mosca, F. Boys Who Are Born Preterm Show a Relative Lack of Fat-Free Mass at 5 Years of Age Compared to Their Peers. Acta Paediatr. 2015, 104, e119–e123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Beauchamp, B.; Ghosh, S.; Dysart, M.W.; Kanaan, G.N.; Chu, A.; Blais, A.; Rajamanickam, K.; Tsai, E.C.; Patti, M.E.; Harper, M.E. Low Birth Weight Is Associated with Adiposity, Impaired Skeletal Muscle Energetics and Weight Loss Resistance in Mice. Int. J. Obes. 2015, 39, 702–711. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kaga, H.; Tamura, Y.; Takeno, K.; Kakehi, S.; Someya, Y.; Funayama, T.; Furukawa, Y.; Suzuki, R.; Sugimoto, D.; Kadowaki, S.; et al. Shape of the Glucose Response Curve During an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test Is Associated with Insulin Clearance and Muscle Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Non-obese Men. J. Diabetes Investig. 2020, 11, 874–877. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Tajiri, Y.; Kato, T.; Nakayama, H.; Yamada, K. Reduction of Skeletal Muscle, Especially in Lower Limbs, in Japanese Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Insulin Resistance and Cardiovascular Risk Factors. Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord. 2010, 8, 137–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chao, Y.P.; Lai, Y.F.; Kao, T.W.; Peng, T.C.; Lin, Y.Y.; Shih, M.T.; Chen, W.L.; Wu, L.W. Mid-arm Muscle Circumference as a Surrogate in Predicting Insulin Resistance in Non-obese Elderly Individuals. Oncotarget 2017, 8, 79775–79784. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Abe, Y.; Urakami, T.; Hara, M.; Yoshida, K.; Mine, Y.; Aoki, M.; Suzuki, J.; Saito, E.; Yoshino, Y.; Iwata, F.; et al. The Characteristics of Abdominal Fat Distribution in Japanese Adolescents with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. 2019, 12, 2281–2288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kuwabara, R.; Urakami, T.; Yoshida, K.; Morioka, I. Case of Type 2 Diabetes Possibly Caused by Excessive Accumulation of Visceral Fat in a Child Born Small-for-Gestational Age. J. Diabetes Investig. 2020, 11, 1366–1369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clemmons, D.R.; Miller, S.; Mamputu, J.C. Safety and metabolic effects of tesamorelin, a growth hormone-releasing factor analogue, in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0179538. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Horikawa, R.; Tanaka, T.; Nishinaga, H.; Ogawa, Y.; Yokoya, S. The influence of a long-term growth hormone treatment on lipid and glucose metabolism: A randomized trial in short Japanese children born small for gestational age. Int. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. 2016, 2016, 19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Sydlik, C.; Weissenbacher, C.; Roeb, J.; Pozza, S.B.; Schmidt, H. Evaluation of changes in insulin sensitivity in prepubertal small for gestational age children treated with growth hormone. Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab. 2019, 23, 14–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cutfield, W.S.; Jackson, W.E.; Jefferies, C.; Robinson, E.M.; Breier, B.H.; Richards, G.E.; Hofman, P.L. Reduced insulin sensitivity during growth hormone therapy for short children born small for gestational age. J. Pediatr. 2003, 142, 113–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Forrest, L.; Sedmak, C.; Sikder, S.; Grewal, S.; Harman, S.M.; Blackman, M.R.; Muniyappa, R. Effects of growth hormone on hepatic insulin sensitivity and glucose effectiveness in healthy older adults. Endocrine 2019, 63, 497–506. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Blood | Patient’s Results | Normal Range | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Complete blood count | WBC | 4600 | 4000–10,000 | /µL |
RBC | 602 | 420–550 | ×104/µL | |
Hb | 17.1 | 13.2–17.2 | g/dL | |
Ht | 51.3 | 39.4–49.8 | % | |
PLT | 23.0 | 15.0–40.0 | ×104/µL | |
Liver function | AST | 25 | 7–38 | IU/L |
ALT | 32 | 8–40 | IU/L | |
LDH | 198 | 124–222 | IU/L | |
γ-GTP | 19 | 0–66 | IU/L | |
TP | 7.2 | 6.3–8.2 | g/dL | |
ALB | 4.4 | 4.1–5.1 | g/dL | |
Renal function | BUN | 16.1 | 8.0–21.0 | mg/dL |
CRE | 0.67 | 0.61–1.04 | mg/dL | |
UA | 4.4 | 3.7–7.0 | mg/dL | |
Na | 141 | 133–147 | mmol/L | |
K | 4.0 | 3.5–4.7 | mmol/L | |
Cl | 101 | 98–110 | mmol/L | |
Lipid-related test | TC | 223 | 125–220 | mg/dL |
HDL-C | 51 | 40–86 | mg/dL | |
Non-HDL-C | 172 | 90–149 | mg/dL | |
Triglyceride | 51 | 30–150 | mg/dL | |
Glucose-related test | Fasting PG | 175 | 70–109 | mg/dL |
HbA1c | 11.6 | 4.6–6.2 | % | |
Glycated albumin | 29.2 | 12.4–16.3 | % | |
Anti-GAD antibody | <5.0 | <5.0 | U/mL | |
Anti-IA-2 antibody | <0.6 | <0.6 | U/mL | |
Urine | Patient’s Results | Normal range | ||
Protein | 2+ | - | ||
Glucose | 1+ | - | ||
Ketone body | ± | - | ||
Occult blood | ± | - | ||
Urinary storage CPR test | 76.3 | ≥20 | µg/day | |
Glucagon loading test | 0 min | Normal range | 5 min | Normal range |
CPR (ng/mL) | 0.9 | ≥0.5 | 2.4 | ≥1.0 |
Measurement Parameters | Results | Standard Range * | |
---|---|---|---|
Height | 169.3 | cm | |
Body weight | 58.5 | kg | |
Body mass index | 20.4 | kg/m2 | 18.5–25.0 |
Body fat percentage | 18.4 | % | 10.0–20.0 |
Body fat mass | 10.8 | kg | 7.6–15.1 |
Total muscle mass | 44.7 | kg | 45.5–55.7 |
Right arm | 1.78 | kg | 2.55–3.45 |
Left arm | 1.83 | kg | 2.55–3.45 |
Trunk | 17.5 | kg | 21.5–26.3 |
Right leg | 9.21 | kg | 7.51–9.17 |
Left leg | 8.53 | kg | 7.51–9.17 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Nagano, N.; Kaneko, C.; Ohashi, S.; Seya, M.; Takigawa, I.; Masunaga, K.; Morioka, I. Non-Obese Type 2 Diabetes with a History of Being an Extremely Preterm Small-for-Gestational-Age Infant without Early Adiposity Rebound. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8560. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148560
Nagano N, Kaneko C, Ohashi S, Seya M, Takigawa I, Masunaga K, Morioka I. Non-Obese Type 2 Diabetes with a History of Being an Extremely Preterm Small-for-Gestational-Age Infant without Early Adiposity Rebound. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(14):8560. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148560
Chicago/Turabian StyleNagano, Nobuhiko, Chizuka Kaneko, Shoko Ohashi, Megumi Seya, Itsuro Takigawa, Ken Masunaga, and Ichiro Morioka. 2022. "Non-Obese Type 2 Diabetes with a History of Being an Extremely Preterm Small-for-Gestational-Age Infant without Early Adiposity Rebound" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14: 8560. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148560