Intra-Rater (Live vs. Video Assessment) and Inter-Rater (Expert vs. Novice) Reliability of the Test of Gross Motor Development—Third Edition
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Raters
2.3. Test of Gross Motor Development—Third Edition [TGMD-3]
2.4. Procedures
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Intra-Rater Reliability: Live vs. Slow-Motion
3.2. Inter-Rater Reliability: Novice vs. Experts
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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NR | NR-PE | ER | Good-to-Excellent or Excellent | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rater A | Rater B | Rater C | Rater D | Rater E | ||
Locomotor skills | Number of raters | |||||
Run | 0.304 (−0.409–0.676) | 0.660 (0.236–0.850) | 0.900 (0.773–0.956) | 0.913 (0.805–0.961) | 0.942 (0.869–0.975) | 3/5 |
Slide | 0.808 (0.567–0.915) | 0.921 (0.822–0.965) | 0.966 (0.924–0.985) | ----- † | 0.714 (0.365–0.873) | 2/4 |
Gallop | 0.950 (0.888–0.978) | 0.925 (0.823–0.968) | 0.966 (0.923–0.985) | 0.986 (0.969–0.994) | 0.976 (0.944–0.989) | 5/5 |
Hop | 0.825 (0.610–0.922) | 0.705 (0.332–0.870) | 0.936 (0.855–0.972) | 0.990 (0.977–0.996) | 0.884 (0.736–0.949) | 2/5 |
Horizontal jump | 0.765 (0.460–0.897) | 0.680 (0.166–0.868) | 0.956 (0.900–0.981) | 0.992 (0.982–0.997) | 0.916 (0.811–0.963) | 3/5 |
Skip | 0.892 (0.758–0.952) | 0.861 (0.685–0.939) | 1.000 | 0.989 (0.976–0.995) | 0.958 (0.905–0.981) | 4/5 |
Locomotor subscale score | 0.865 (0.654–0.943) | 0.817 (0.592–0.919) | 0.964 (0.918–0.984) | 0.980 (0.954–0.991) | 0.901 (0.773–0.957) | 3/5 |
Ball skills | ||||||
Two-hand strike | 0.959 (0.909–0.982) | 0.905 (0.783–0.958) | 0.945 (0.876–0.976) | 0.968 (0.925–0.986) | 0.945 (0.876–0.976) | 5/5 |
One-hand stationary dribble | 0.917 (0.813–0.964) | 0.871 (0.662–0.947) | 0.917 (0.803–0.964) | 0.883 (0.739–0.948) | 0.910 (0.798–0.960) | 3/5 |
Overhand throw | 0.931 (0.844–0.970) | 0.887 (0.742–0.950) | 0.934 (0.852–0.971) | 0.975 (0.942–0.989) | 0.915 (0.807–0.963) | 4/5 |
Kick | 0.659 (0.230–0.849) | 0.846 (0.625–0.934) | 0.839 (0.537–0.936) | 0.948 (0.882–0.977) | 0.982 (0.956–0.992) | 2/5 |
Forehand strike | 0.818 (0.582–0.920) | 0.875 (0.720–0.945) | 0.891 (0.745–0.953) | 0.955 (0.898–0.980) | 0.936 (0.856–0.972) | 2/5 |
Two-hand catch | 0.983 (0.961–0.992) | 0.899 (0.770–0.955) | 0.908 (0.791–0.959) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 5/5 |
Underhand throw | 0.916 (0.809–0.963) | 0.698 (0.333–0.865) | 0.966 (0.923–0.985) | 0.958 (0.901–0.982) | 0.821 (0.597–0.921) | 3/5 |
Ball Skills Subscale score | 0.970 (0.934–0.987) | 0.879 (0.689–0.949) | 0.949 (0.884–0.978) | 0.967 (0.915–0.986) | 0.962 (0.915–0.983) | 4/5 |
Overall score | 0.953 (0.895–0.979) | 0.907 (0.716–0.963) | 0.968 (0.927–0.986) | 0.982 (0.941–0.993) | 0.961 (0.912–0.983) | 4/5 |
Raters | Locomotor Subscale | Ball Skills Subscale | Overall | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Live | S-M | Live | S-M | Live | S-M | ||
NR | A | 34.2 (3.4) | 33.2 (3.1) | 36.0 (5.3) | 36.4 (4.9) | 70.2 (7.7) | 69.5 (6.3) |
B | 34.8 (4.3) | 33.9 (4.4) | 35.2 (4.4) | 33.8 (5.0) | 70.0 (7.1) | 67.6 (7.9) | |
NR-PE | C | 32.5 (4.6) | 32.3 (4.5) | 33.9 (5.0) | 34.8 (4.3) | 66.4 (7.9) | 67.2 (7.6) |
ER | D | 32.6 (4.0) | 32.9 (4.0) | 39.7 (5.6) | 40.6 (5.5) | 72.2 (8.6) | 73.4 (8.4) |
E | 34.5 (3.2) | 33.8 (3.6) | 37.6 (5.0) | 37.6 (4.4) | 72.2 (6.4) | 71.5 (6.3) |
Raters | Test | Run | Slide † | Gallop | Hop | Horizontal Jump | Skip | ICC ≥ 0.5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rater AxB | Live | 0.074 (−0.323–0.450) | 0.739 (0.492–0.876) | 0.768 (0.541–0.891) | 0.525 (0.171–0.758) | 0.624 (0.311–0.815) | 0.856 (0.701–0.934) | 5/6 |
S-M | −0.002 (−0.390–0.386) | 0.815 (0.624–0.914) | 0.747 (0.505–0.880) | 0.581 (0.249–0.791) | 0.497 (0.135–0.742) | 0.747 (0.506–0.880) | 4/6 | |
Rater AxC | Live | 0.106 (−0.294–0.475) | 0.791 (0.581–0.902) | 0.610 (0.290–0.807) | 0.477 (0.109–0.730) | 0.586 (0.255–0.793) | 0.939 (0.866–0.973) | 4/6 |
S-M | 0.090 (−0.309–0.462) | 0.437 (0.058–0.705) | 0.687 (0.407–0.849) | 0.251 (−0.152–0.583) | 0.688 (0.409–0.849) | 0.805 (0.607–0.909) | 3/6 | |
Rater AxD | Live | 0.129 (−0.273–0.493) | ----- | 0.801 (0.600–0.907) | 0.496 (0.134–0.742) | 0.626 (0.314–0.816) | 0.612 (0.294–0.808) | 3/5 |
S-M | −0.052 (−0.431–0.643) | ----- | 0.893 (0.773–0.952) | 0.385 (−0.004–0.672) | 0.598 (0.274–0.801) | 0.588 (0.259–0.795) | 3/5 | |
Rater AxE | Live | −0.022 (0.407–0.369) | 0.647 (0.345–0.827) | 0.672 (0.383–0.841) | 0.297 (−0.103–0.614) | 0.364 (−0.028–0.659) | 0.710 (0.444–0.861) | 2/6 |
S-M | −0.106 (−0.474–0.295) | 0.749 (0.509–0.881) | 0.771 (0.546–0.892) | 0.470 (0.100–0.726) | 0.456 (0.082–0.717) | 0.735 (0.485–0.874) | 3/6 | |
Rater BxC | Live | 0.602 (0.279–0.803) | 0.722 (0.464–0.867) | 0.883 (0.753–0.947) | 0.393 (0.005–0.678) | 0.669 (0.379–0.839) | 0.760 (0.527–0.887) | 5/6 |
S-M | 0.491 (0.127–0.739) | 0.451 (0.076–0.714) | 0.723 (0.465–0.868) | 0.423 (0.041–0.697) | 0.597 (0.272–0.800) | 0.773 (0.550–0.893) | 3/6 | |
Rater BxD | Live | 0.471 (0.101–0.726) | ----- | 0.874 (0.736–0.943) | 0.563 (0.224–0.781) | 0.662 (0.369–0.836) | 0.481 (0.114–0.732) | 3/5 |
S-M | 0.629 (0.318–0.817) | ----- | 0.814 (0.623–0.914) | 0.447 (0.072–0.712) | 0.597 (0.272–0.800) | 0.420 (0.038–0.695) | 3/5 | |
Rater BxE | Live | 0.568 (0.231–0.784) | 0.529 (0.177–0.761) | 0.816 (0.626–0.915) | 0.350 (−0.044–0.650) | 0.492 (0.129–0.739) | 0.732 (0.481–0.872) | 3/6 |
S-M | 0.681 (0.399–0.846) | 0.759 (0.526–0.886) | 0.808 (0.611–0.910) | 0.692 (0.415–0.851) | 0.585 (0.255–0.793) | 0.608 (0.288–0.806) | 6/6 | |
Rater CxD | Live | 0.569 (0.232–0.784) | ----- | 0.827 (0.646–0.920) | 0.656 (0.356–0.832) | 0.784 (0.568–0.899) | 0.636 (0.330–0.822) | 5/5 |
S-M | 0.528 (0.176–0.760) | ----- | 0.766 (0.538–0.890) | 0.552 (0.209–0.774) | 0.767 (0.539–0.890) | 0.652 (0.353–0.830) | 5/5 | |
Rater CxE | Live | 0.587 (0.258–0.794) | 0.483 (0.117–0.734) | 0.841 (0.672–0.927) | 0.457 (0.084–0.718) | 0.407 (0.023–0.687) | 0.702 (0.432–0.857) | 3/6 |
S-M | 0.683 (0.401–0.847) | 0.640 (0.336–0.824) | 0.704 (0.434–0.858) | 0.423 (0.042–0.697) | 0.591 (0.263–0.796) | 0.655 (0.358–0.832) | 5/6 | |
Rater DxE | Live | 0.551 (0.207–0.774) | ----- | 0.766 (0.538–0.890) | 0.183 (−0.221–0.533) | 0.637 (0.330–0.822) | 0.483 (0.117–0.734) | 3/5 |
S-M | 0.459 (0.086–0.719) | ----- | 0.826 (0.645–0.920) | 0.433 (0.054–0.703) | 0.658 (0.362–0.833) | 0.591 (0.263–0.796) | 3/5 | |
All raters | Live | 0.423 (0.243–0.629) | 0.494 (0.314–0.686) | 0.795 (0.674–0.889) | 0.431 (0.251–0.636) | 0.597 (0.425–0.762) | 0.693 (0.540–0.827) | 3/6 |
S-M | 0.368 (0.192–0.581) | 0.499 (0.319–0.690) | 0.770 (0.641–0.875) | 0.468 (0.287–0.666) | 0.616 (0.446–0.775) | 0.652 (0.489–0.800) | 3/6 |
Raters | Test | Two-Hand Strike | One-Hand Stationary Dribble | Overhand Throw | Kick | Forehand Strike | Two-Hand Catch | Underhand Throw | ICC ≥ 0.5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rater AxB | Live | 0.779 (0.561–0.896) | 0.372 (−0.019–0.664) | 0.548 (0.204–0.772) | 0.393 (0.006–0.678) | 0.632 (0.323–0.819) | 0.669 (0.379–0.839) | 0.348 (−0.046–0.649) | 4/7 |
S-M | 0.751 (0.512–0.882) | 0.778 (0.559–0.896) | 0.695 (0.420–0.853) | 0.289 (−0.112–0.609) | 0.639 (0.333–0.823) | 0.621 (0.306–0.813) | 0.598 (0.272–0.800) | 6/7 | |
Rater AxC | Live | 0.805 (0.607–0.909) | 0.396 (0.009–0.680) | 0.783 (0.567–0.898) | 0.579 (0.246–0.790) | 0.569 (0.232–0.784) | 0.876 (0.739–0.943) | 0.589 (0.261–0.796) | 6/7 |
S-M | 0.788 (0.576–0.901) | 0.631 (0.322–0.819) | 0.660 (0.365–0.834) | 0.478 (0.110–0.730) | 0.674 (0.387–0.842) | 0.929 (0.845–0.968) | 0.475 (0.106–0.729) | 5/7 | |
Rater AxD | Live | 0.754 (0.517–0.883) | 0.736 (0.488–0.875) | 0.586 (0.255–0.793) | 0.367 (−0.025–0.661) | 0.522 (0.167–0.757) | 0.392 (0.005–0.677) | 0.594 (0.267–0.798) | 5/7 |
S-M | 0.630 (0.320–0.818) | 0.698 (0.426–0.855) | 0.445 (0.069–0.710) | 0.532 (0.181–0.763) | 0.549 (0.204–0.772) | 0.389 (0.001–0.675) | 0.526 (0.174–0.759) | 5/7 | |
Rater AxE | Live | 0.660 (0.366–0.835) | 0.560 (0.219–0.779) | 0.570 (0.233–0.785) | 0.500 (0.139–0.744) | 0.080 (−0.318–0.454) | 0.308 (−0.091–0.622) | 0.264 (−0.138–0.592) | 4/7 |
S-M | 0.732 (0.480–0.872) | 0.545 (0.199–0.770) | 0.476 (0.107–0.729) | 0.412 (0.028–0.690) | 0.378 (−0.012–0.668) | 0.297 (−0.103–0.614) | 0.322 (−0.076–0.631) | 3/7 | |
Rater BxC | Live | 0.698 (0.426–0.855) | 0.900 (0.787–0.955) | 0.749 (0.508–0.881) | 0.404 (0.019–0.685) | 0.647 (0.346–0.828) | 0.600 (0.276–0.801) | 0.469 (0.099–0.725) | 5/7 |
S-M | 0.681 (0.398–0.846) | 0.735 (0.486–0.874) | 0.776 (0.554–0.895) | 0.462 (0.090–0.721) | 0.470 (0.100–0.726) | 0.705 (0.436–0.858) | 0.614 (0.297–0.810) | 5/7 | |
Rater BxD | Live | 0.544 (0.198–0.770) | 0.337 (−0.058–0.642) | 0.462 (0.090–0.721) | 0.740 (0.493–0.876) | 0.691 (0.414–0.851) | 0.308 (−0.091–0.622) | 0.540 (0.192–0.767) | 4/7 |
S-M | 0.582 (0.250–0.791) | 0.643 (0.340–0.825) | 0.373 (−0.018–0.665) | 0.778 (0.559–0.896) | 0.611 (0.292–0.808) | 0.228 (−0.176–0.566) | 0.636 (0.330–0.822) | 5/7 | |
Rater BxE | Live | 0.652 (0.354–0.830) | 0.385 (−0.004–0.673) | 0.596 (0.271–0.800) | 0.533 (0.182–0.763) | 0.361 (−0.032–0.657) | 0.302 (−0.097–0.618) | 0.292 (−0.109–0.611) | 3/7 |
S-M | 0.809 (0.614–0.911) | 0.580 (0.248–0.790) | 0.608 (0.288–0.806) | 0.534 (0.184–0.764) | 0.482 (0.116–0.733) | 0.227 (−0.177–0.565) | 0.285 (−0.117–0.606) | 4/7 | |
Rater CxD | Live | 0.716 (0.453–0.864) | 0.426 (0.045–0.699) | 0.610 (0.290–0.807) | 0.389 (0.001–0.675) | 0.600 (0.276–0.802) | 0.410 (0.026–0.689) | 0.711 (0.447–0.892) | 4/7 |
S-M | 0.487 (0.121–0.736) | 0.593 (0.267–0.798) | 0.684 (0.402–0.847) | 0.339 (−0.057–0.642) | 0.565 (0.226–0.782) | 0.313 (−0.086–0.625) | 0.665 (0.374–0.837) | 4/7 | |
Rater CxE | Live | 0.682 (0.400–0.846) | 0.491 (0.127–0.739) | 0.589 (0.261–0.796) | 0.412 (0.028–0.690) | 0.357 (−0.036–0.655) | 0.303 (−0.097–0.618) | 0.248 (−0.155–0.580) | 2/7 |
S-M | 0.615 (0.298–0.810) | 0.477 (0.109–0.730) | 0.570 (0.234–0.785) | 0.378 (−0.012–0.668) | 0.409 (0.024–0.688) | 0.222 (−0.181–0.562) | 0.377 (−0.014–0.667) | 2/7 | |
Rater DxE | Live | 0.574 (0.239–0.787) | 0.581 (0.249–0.791) | 0.505 (0.146–0.747) | 0.600 (0.277–0.802) | 0.241 (−0.162–0.575) | 0.586 (0.255–0.793) | 0.176 (−0.228–0.528) | 5/7 |
S-M | 0.530 (0.187–0.762) | 0.525 (0.172–0.759) | 0.343 (−0.052–0.645) | 0.615 (0.297–0.810) | 0.287 (−0.114–0.607) | 0.586 (0.255–0.793) | 0.466 (0.095–0.724) | 3/7 | |
All raters | Live | 0.686 (0.531–0.823) | 0.518 (0.339–0.705) | 0.595 (0.423–0.761) | 0.500 (0.320–0.691) | 0.470 (0.289–0.667) | 0.496 (0.316–0.688) | 0.452 (0.271–0.653) | 4/7 |
S-M | 0.652 (0.489–0.800) | 0.627 (0.459–0.783) | 0.558 (0.381–0.734) | 0.498 (0.318–0.689) | 0.502 (0.322–0.692) | 0.496 (0.316–0.688) | 0.506 (0.326–0.695) | 5/7 |
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Carballo-Fazanes, A.; Rey, E.; Valentini, N.C.; Rodríguez-Fernández, J.E.; Varela-Casal, C.; Rico-Díaz, J.; Barcala-Furelos, R.; Abelairas-Gómez, C. Intra-Rater (Live vs. Video Assessment) and Inter-Rater (Expert vs. Novice) Reliability of the Test of Gross Motor Development—Third Edition. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 1652. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041652
Carballo-Fazanes A, Rey E, Valentini NC, Rodríguez-Fernández JE, Varela-Casal C, Rico-Díaz J, Barcala-Furelos R, Abelairas-Gómez C. Intra-Rater (Live vs. Video Assessment) and Inter-Rater (Expert vs. Novice) Reliability of the Test of Gross Motor Development—Third Edition. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(4):1652. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041652
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarballo-Fazanes, Aida, Ezequiel Rey, Nadia C. Valentini, José E. Rodríguez-Fernández, Cristina Varela-Casal, Javier Rico-Díaz, Roberto Barcala-Furelos, and Cristian Abelairas-Gómez. 2021. "Intra-Rater (Live vs. Video Assessment) and Inter-Rater (Expert vs. Novice) Reliability of the Test of Gross Motor Development—Third Edition" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 1652. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041652