Associations between Vehicle Exhaust Particles and Ozone at Home Address and Birth Weight
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Population
2.2. Individual Characteristics
2.3. Exposure Assessment
2.4. Outcome Definition
2.5. Variable Definitions
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Temporal and Spatial Variations in Exposure
3.2. Socioeconomic Indicators and Exposure
3.3. Associations with Birth Weight
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Modelling of Trimester Mean Exposure to Ozone and Comparison with Measurements
Site | N | Measured Mean ± 95% CI | Model Mean ± 95% CI | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alby | 81 | 51.6 ± 2.9 | 54.0 ± 2.5 | 0.71 |
Sollentuna P | 26 | 52.7 ± 4.7 | 54.5 ± 4.4 | 0.89 |
Sollentuna K | 27 | 54.1 ± 4.8 | 61.7 ± 4.6 | 0.88 |
Sundbyberg | 31 | 44.5 ± 3.9 | 49.7 ± 4.1 | 0.85 |
All | 165 | 51.0 ± 1.9 | 54.7 ± 1.8 | 0.77 |
Appendix B
Interquartile Range | Prevalence Rate Ratio | 95% CI | Change in Grams | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SGA 1 | Birth weight 2 | ||||
First trimester exhaust particles | 214 ng/m3 | 1.01 | (0.99; 1.04) | −6.5 | (−10.0; −3.0) |
Second trimester exhaust particles | 213 ng/m3 | −8.7 | (−12.3; −5.0) | ||
Pregnancy exhaust particles | 209 ng/m3 | 1.02 | (0.99; 1.05) | −7.5 | (−12.0; −2.9) |
First trimester ozone | 19.4 µg/m3 | 0.97 | (0.94; 1.00) | −1.4 | (−5.2; 2.4) |
Second trimester ozone | 20.2 µg/m3 | 0.99 | (0.97; 1.02) | ||
Pregnancy ozone | 8.0 µg/m3 | 1.01 | (0.98; 1.04) | 3.7 | (−0.9; 8.2) |
Second Trimester Exhaust Particles | Prevalence Rate Ratio | 95% CI |
---|---|---|
exhaust particles ≤ 61 ng/m3 (ref) | 1.00 | |
61 < exhaust particles ≤ 124 ng/m3 | 1.02 | (0.95; 1.09) |
124 < exhaust particles ≤ 201 ng/m3 | 1.05 | (0.98; 1.12) |
201 < exhaust particles ≤ 332 ng/m3 | 1.09 | (1.01; 1.17) |
exhaust particles > 332 ng/m3 | 1.07 | (0.99; 1.15) |
Second Trimester Ozone | Change in Grams | 95% CI |
---|---|---|
ozone ≤ 42.8 µg/m3 | 9.4 | (2.6; 16.3) |
42.8 < ozone ≤ 49.7 µg/m3 | 7.0 | (0.5; 13.5) |
49.7 < ozone ≤ 42.8 µg/m3 (ref) | ||
57.9 < ozone ≤ 66.6 µg/m3 | 9.7 | (3.1; 16.3) |
ozone > 66.6 µg/m3 | 11.2 | (4.6; 17.8) |
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Min | Median | Max | Interquartile Range | |
---|---|---|---|---|
First trimester PM-exhaust (ng/m3) | 3 | 159 | 886 | 214 |
Second trimester PM-exhaust (ng/m3) | 3 | 159 | 882 | 213 |
Pregnancy PM-exhaust (ng/m3) | 7 | 160 | 854 | 209 |
First trimester ozone (µg/m3) | 18.5 | 52.8 | 78.4 | 19.4 |
Second trimester ozone (µg/m3) | 19.3 | 53.6 | 78.6 | 20.2 |
Pregnancy ozone (µg/m3) | 28.8 | 54.9 | 66.7 | 8.0 |
Factor Level | Subjects (%) | Small for Gestational age, % | Birth Weight, g (SD) | PM-Exhaust, ng/m3 (SD) | Ozone, µg/m3 (SD) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal level of education | pre-upper secondary school (<9 years) | 4021 (2.7) | 13.5 (34.2) | 3444.2 (528.1) | 145.8 (99.1) | 55.6 (5.0) |
pre-upper secondary school (9 years) | 9981 (6.7) | 11.4 (31.8) | 3481.0 (549.5) | 150.9 (129.4) | 55.7 (5.3) | |
upper secondary school (<3 years) | 13,571 (9.2) | 10.5 (30.7) | 3510.2 (550.0) | 165.2 (139.5) | 55.8 (5.5) | |
upper secondary school (3 years) | 34,643 (23.4) | 9.2 (28.9) | 3547.0 (532.3) | 170.3 (149.5) | 55.2 (5.7) | |
post-upper secondary school (<3 years) | 20,312 (13.7) | 9.7 (29.6) | 3544.8 (534.5) | 206.6 (160.6) | 54.3 (5.8) | |
post-secondary school (3 years) | 63,605 (42.9) | 9.0 (28.6) | 3563.0 (522.8) | 233.7 (165.1) | 53.4 (5.9) | |
postgraduate education | 2103 (1.4) | 9.4 (29.2) | 3552.8 (524.4) | 244.7 (166.4) | 53.1 (6.0) | |
Paternal level of education | pre-upper secondary school (<9 years) | 3589 (2.4) | 14.7 (35.4) | 3426.3 (530.9) | 137.9 (92.3) | 55.7 (4.9) |
pre-upper secondary school (9 years) | 13,365 (9.0) | 10.8 (31) | 3507.6 (538) | 151.8 (132.2) | 55.6 (5.4) | |
upper secondary school (<3 years) | 21,049 (14.2) | 10.2 (30.2) | 3530.5 (551) | 163.5 (139.4) | 55.7 (5.5) | |
upper secondary school (3 years) | 33,891 (22.9) | 9.1 (28.7) | 3545.0 (532.1) | 176.7 (151.6) | 54.9 (5.7) | |
post-upper secondary school (<3 years) | 23,358 (15.8) | 9.6 (29.5) | 3550.0 (531.4) | 212.0 (161.5) | 54.2 (5.8) | |
post-secondary school (3 years) | 50,052 (33.8) | 9.0 (28.6) | 3560.7 (520.5) | 243.2 (166.2) | 53.2 (6.0) | |
postgraduate education | 2932 (2.0) | 8.9 (28.5) | 3559.1 (532.8) | 249.2 (167.1) | 53.1 (6.0) | |
Family income, deciles | 1st | 12,135 (8.2) | 14.0 (34.7) | 3434.5 (532.8) | 154.3 (120.4) | 54.8 (5.3) |
2nd | 14,744 (9.9) | 12.1 (32.6) | 3480.7 (536.2) | 162.9 (128.7) | 54.8 (5.4) | |
3rd | 16,036 (10.8) | 10.6 (30.7) | 3518.9 (534.2) | 169.3 (136.9) | 54.5 (5.5) | |
4th | 16,979 (11.5) | 8.9 (28.4) | 3550.2 (533.1) | 175.8 (145.7) | 54.5 (5.7) | |
5th | 16,646 (11.2) | 8.9 (28.5) | 3554.5 (539.7) | 186.5 (152.0) | 54.6 (5.8) | |
6th | 15,889 (10.7) | 8.9 (28.5) | 3568.7 (532.8) | 205.8 (161.4) | 54.4 (6.0) | |
7th | 15,212 (10.3) | 8.5 (27.9) | 3574.0 (526.5) | 219.5 (164.3) | 54.2 (6.1) | |
8th | 14,675 (9.9) | 8.0 (27.1) | 3579.0 (531.6) | 234.8 (169.6) | 54.1 (6.2) | |
9th | 13,219 (8.9) | 7.8 (26.8) | 3581.0 (514.5) | 248.1 (174.4) | 54.0 (6.1) | |
10th | 12,701 (8.6) | 8.7 (28.1) | 3574.9 (513.3) | 267.5 (182.1) | 53.7 (6.2) | |
Maternal smoking | Non-smoker | 141,859 (95.7) | 9.3 (29) | 3549.6 (530.0) | 203.8 (159.2) | 54.3 (5.8) |
<10 cigarettes/day | 4977 (3.4) | 15.6 (36.3) | 3415.1 (555.2) | 144.9 (128.0) | 56.0 (5.3) | |
≥10 cigarettes/day | 1400 (0.9) | 16.5 (37.1) | 3336.7 (542.9) | 131.2 (118.3) | 56.3 (5.3) | |
Family situation | Co-habiting with father | 142,456 (96.1) | 9.4 (29.2) | 3546.1 (531.6) | 201.7 (159.0) | 54.4 (5.8) |
Living alone | 1575 (1.1) | 13.5 (34.2) | 3459.7 (541.6) | 180.4 (134.1) | 54.6 (5.4) | |
Other | 4205 (2.8) | 13.7 (34.4) | 3471.8 (532.6) | 189.9 (147.8) | 54.7 (5.6) | |
Maternal BMI | Underweight | 4138 (2.8) | 17.7 (38.2) | 3321.2 (491.7) | 217.1 (166.0) | 53.9 (5.9) |
Normal Weight | 100,208 (67.6) | 10.0 (30.0) | 3518.8 (513.6) | 215.7 (164.0) | 54.0 (5.9) | |
Overweight | 31,681 (21.4) | 7.8 (26.8) | 3610.9 (549.5) | 173.2 (142.4) | 55.1 (5.6) | |
Obese | 12,209 (8.2) | 8.2 (27.5) | 3641.1 (601.2) | 148.5 (124.7) | 55.6 (5.4) | |
Maternal region of origin | Central and Southern Africa | 4556 (3.1) | 15.8 (36.5) | 3447.7 (564.9) | 169.8 (102.4) | 55.0 (5.1) |
Oceania | 100 (0.1) | 11.0 (31.4) | 3583.3 (538.2) | 236.3 (171.1) | 53.8 (5.9) | |
Eastern Europe | 8404 (5.7) | 11.1 (31.4) | 3509.1 (526.7) | 161.6 (125.3) | 55.3 (5.4) | |
Middle East | 9841 (6.6) | 14.6 (35.3) | 3398.3 (507.1) | 147.4 (111.5) | 55.7 (5.1) | |
Northern Africa | 1426 (1.0) | 11.2 (31.6) | 3496.3 (522.0) | 151.9 (106.0) | 55.4 (5.0) | |
North America | 624 (0.4) | 9.1 (28.9) | 3552.3 (495.5) | 247.7 (170.4) | 53.5 (6.3) | |
Other Nordic countries | 2623 (1.8) | 8.8 (28.4) | 3567.5 (534.8) | 201.4 (163.0) | 54.7 (6.0) | |
South and Central America | 3202 (2.2) | 9.8 (29.7) | 3485.2 (551.6) | 190.9 (143.4) | 54.6 (5.6) | |
Southeast Asia | 5317 (3.6) | 16.2 (36.9) | 3349.6 (536.5) | 194.9 (144.2) | 54.4 (5.7) | |
Sweden | 110,176 (74.3) | 8.4 (27.7) | 3574.0 (527.8) | 210.7 (165.5) | 54.1 (5.9) | |
Other Western European | 1967 (1.3) | 11.7 (32.2) | 3513.6 (517.6) | 225.0 (169.0) | 53.8 (6.1) |
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Olsson, D.; Johansson, C.; Forsberg, B. Associations between Vehicle Exhaust Particles and Ozone at Home Address and Birth Weight. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3836. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113836
Olsson D, Johansson C, Forsberg B. Associations between Vehicle Exhaust Particles and Ozone at Home Address and Birth Weight. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(11):3836. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113836
Chicago/Turabian StyleOlsson, David, Christer Johansson, and Bertil Forsberg. 2020. "Associations between Vehicle Exhaust Particles and Ozone at Home Address and Birth Weight" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11: 3836. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113836