Osteoporosis in Polish Older Women: Risk Factors and Osteoporotic Fractures: A Cross–Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All Participants (N = 99) | Non-osteoporotic Participants (N = 25) | Osteoporotic Participants (N = 74) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | St. dev. | Min | Max | Mean | St. dev. | Min | Max | Mean | St. dev. | Min | Max | |
Age | 80.58 | 7.63 | 65 | 98 | 76.28 | 7.62 | 65 | 95 | 82.03 | 7.11 | 65 | 98 |
BMI | 27.32 | 4.79 | 16.7 | 41.5 | 30.71 | 5.02 | 21.9 | 41.5 | 26.18 | 4.15 | 16.7 | 37.4 |
T–score | –3.05 | 1.17 | –5.40 | 0.00 | –1.44 | 0.68 | –2.40 | 0.00 | –3.59 | 0.72 | –5.40 | –2.50 |
All Participants (N = 99) | Non-osteoporotic Participants (N = 25) | Osteoporotic Participants (N = 74) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Risk factors | YES | NO | YES | NO | YES | NO | ||||||
No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
Maternal history of hip fractures | 19 | 19.2 | 80 | 80.8 | 5 | 20 | 20 | 80 | 14 | 18.9 | 60 | 81.1 |
Diabetes | 28 | 28.3 | 71 | 71.7 | 11 | 44 | 14 | 56 | 17 | 23.0 | 57 | 77 |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 23 | 23.2 | 76 | 76.8 | 9 | 36 | 16 | 64 | 14 | 18.9 | 60 | 81.1 |
Hyperthyroidism | 14 | 14.1 | 85 | 85.9 | 4 | 16 | 21 | 84 | 10 | 13.5 | 64 | 86.5 |
HRT | 7 | 7.1 | 92 | 92.9 | 2 | 8 | 23 | 92 | 5 | 6.8 | 69 | 93.2 |
>3 births | 12 | 12.1 | 87 | 87.9 | 2 | 8 | 23 | 92 | 10 | 13.5 | 64 | 86.5 |
Gynaecological operations | 31 | 31.3 | 68 | 68.7 | 7 | 28 | 18 | 72 | 24 | 32.4 | 50 | 67.6 |
Age at menopause <45 | 16 | 16.2 | 83 | 83.8 | 4 | 16 | 21 | 84 | 12 | 16.2 | 62 | 83.8 |
Corticosteroids | 18 | 18.2 | 81 | 81.8 | 3 | 12 | 22 | 88 | 15 | 20.3 | 59 | 79.7 |
Low intake of dairy products | 31 | 31.3 | 68 | 68.7 | 7 | 28 | 18 | 72 | 24 | 32.4 | 50 | 67.6 |
Cigarettes | 20 | 20.2 | 79 | 79.8 | 4 | 16 | 21 | 84 | 16 | 21.6 | 58 | 78.4 |
Alcohol | 13 | 13.1 | 86 | 86.9 | 6 | 24 | 19 | 76 | 7 | 9.5 | 67 | 90.5 |
>3 cups of coffee per day | 7 | 7.1 | 92 | 92.9 | 2 | 8 | 23 | 92 | 5 | 6.8 | 69 | 93.2 |
Sedentary lifestyle | 56 | 56.6 | 43 | 43.4 | 13 | 52 | 12 | 48 | 43 | 58.1 | 31 | 41 |
Risk Factors | OR | −95% CI | +95% CI |
---|---|---|---|
Maternal history of hip fractures | 1.29 | 0.26 | 6.31 |
Diabetes | 0.37 | 0.11 | 1.14 |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 0.36 | 0.10 | 1.23 |
Hyperthyroidism | 0.85 | 0.17 | 4.10 |
HRT | 1.09 | 0.10 | 11.05 |
>3 births | 1.02 | 0.66 | 1.57 |
Gynaecological operations | 1.46 | 0.44 | 4.84 |
Age at menopause <45 years | 1.02 | 0.93 | 1.12 |
Corticosteroids | 1.38 | 0.29 | 6.46 |
Dairy products | 1.19 | 0.60 | 2.36 |
Cigarettes | 2.12 | 0.49 | 9.06 |
Alcohol | 0.33 | 0.06 | 1.75 |
>3 cups of coffee per day | 0.92 | 0.42 | 2.01 |
Sedentary lifestyle | 1.17 | 0.07 | 17.62 |
Actual Health Status | Classification Outcome | ||
---|---|---|---|
Healthy | Affected | Total | |
Non-osteoporotic | 5 | 20 | 25 |
Osteoporotic | 4 | 70 | 74 |
Total | 9 | 90 | 99 |
OR = 4.3750 | |||
alpha = 0.05 | |||
−CI (95%) = 1.073 | |||
+CI (95%) = 17.840 |
Type of fracture | All Participants (N = 99) | Non-osteoporotic Participants (N = 25) | Osteoporotic Participants (N = 74) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | St. dev. | Min | Max | Mean | St. dev | Min | Max | Mean | St. dev. | Min | Max | |
Main osteoporotic fractures | 29.39 | 13.42 | 5.90 | 69.00 | 24.55 | 11.84 | 5.90 | 48.00 | 31.03 | 13.60 | 9.00 | 69.00 |
Femoral neck fracture | 17.49 | 13.54 | 0.70 | 65.00 | 11.38 | 8.276 | 0.70 | 35.00 | 19.56 | 14.37 | 1.70 | 65.00 |
Risk of Femoral Neck Fracture | All Participants (N = 99) | Non-osteoporotic Participants (N = 25) | Osteoporotic Participants (N = 74) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
Low | 12 | 12.12 | 6 | 24.00 | 6 | 8.11 |
Medium | 55 | 55.56 | 12 | 48.00 | 43 | 58.11 |
High | 32 | 32.32 | 7 | 28.00 | 25 | 33.78 |
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Nawrat-Szołtysik, A.; Miodońska, Z.; Zarzeczny, R.; Zając-Gawlak, I.; Opara, J.; Grzesińska, A.; Matyja, B.; Polak, A. Osteoporosis in Polish Older Women: Risk Factors and Osteoporotic Fractures: A Cross–Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3725. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103725
Nawrat-Szołtysik A, Miodońska Z, Zarzeczny R, Zając-Gawlak I, Opara J, Grzesińska A, Matyja B, Polak A. Osteoporosis in Polish Older Women: Risk Factors and Osteoporotic Fractures: A Cross–Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(10):3725. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103725
Chicago/Turabian StyleNawrat-Szołtysik, Agnieszka, Zuzanna Miodońska, Ryszard Zarzeczny, Izabela Zając-Gawlak, Józef Opara, Alicja Grzesińska, Beata Matyja, and Anna Polak. 2020. "Osteoporosis in Polish Older Women: Risk Factors and Osteoporotic Fractures: A Cross–Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10: 3725. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103725