Factors Influencing Escalator-Related Incidents in China: A Systematic Analysis Using ISM-DEMATEL Method
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials
2.1. Data Resource
2.2. Influencing Factors
2.2.1. Passenger Factors
2.2.2. Escalator Factors
2.2.3. Environmental Factors
2.2.4. Management Factors
3. Method
4. Results
4.1. Establishment of Direct Influence Matrix
4.2. Establishment of Comprehensive Influence Matrix
4.3. Calculation of Influencing Degree, Influenced Degree, Centrality, and Causality
4.4. Establishment of Reachability Matrix
4.5. Establishment of Hierarchical Structure Model
5. Discussion
5.1. Academic Implications
5.2. Managerial Implications
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Time | Place | Cause | Consequence |
---|---|---|---|
4 March 2008 | Subway station, Beijing | Abnormal noise causing panic | 13 injured |
24 March 2009 | Subway station, Beijing | Escalator reverse malfunction | 4 injured (Elders) |
14 December 2010 | Subway station, Shenzhen | Escalator reverse malfunction | 25 injured |
5 July 2011 | Subway station, Beijing | Escalator reverse malfunction | 30 injured (1 dead) |
10 July 2011 | Subway station, Shenzhen | Escalator reverse malfunction | 4 injured |
29 March 2013 | Aquarium, Xi’an | Escalator sudden deceleration | 19 injured (Children) |
18 April 2013 | Shopping mall, Shenzhen | Bending over to tie shoes at exit | 10 injured (Children) |
2 April 2014 | Subway station, Shanghai | Escalator reverse malfunction | 13 injured |
18 June 2014 | Subway station, Shanghai | Baby stroller is stuck in escalator | 10 injured |
10 November 2015 | Shopping mall, Nanjing | Passengers congest at exit | 16 injured (Children) |
18 February 2016 | Subway station, Ningbo | Escalator reverse malfunction | 5 injured |
17 October 2016 | Train station, Hangzhou | Passenger falls, causing congestion | 9 injured (Elders) |
25 March 2017 | Shopping mall, Hong Kong | Escalator sudden stop | 17 injured |
Keywords | Freq. | Keywords | Freq. | Keywords | Freq. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Escalator | 417 | Women | 54 | Slip | 24 |
Child | 249 | Supermarket | 47 | Draw | 19 |
Stumble | 229 | stuck | 45 | Arm | 17 |
Elder | 161 | Hand | 41 | Play | 17 |
Injure | 130 | Roll | 40 | Fracture | 15 |
Medical care | 90 | Plaza | 35 | Luggage | 13 |
Subway station | 79 | Foot | 35 | Fall | 11 |
Handrail | 68 | Gap | 35 | Head | 11 |
Entrap | 67 | Emergency button | 33 | Death | 11 |
Shopping mall | 62 | Finger | 27 | Graze | 11 |
Symbol | Factor | Meaning/Explanation | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
S1 | Age and gender | Passengers’ age and gender directly affect their perception, judgment and behavior which are closely related to the occurrence of EIs. Children and elders are the most common victims of EIs in China. | Xing et al., 2017; O’Neil et al., 2008; Chi et al., 2006; Schminke et al., 2013 [1,2,3,6]. |
S2 | Mental or physical condition | Mental or physical condition affects passengers’ cognition, decision-making and action ability. Drunkenness, unhealthiness and carelessness are major causes of EIs. | Xing et al., 2017; Chi et al., 2006; Schminke et al., 2013; Basir et al., 2017 [1,3,6,23]. |
S3 | Outfits and belongings | Improper outfits and large belongings are likely to result in EIs, which include Crocs shoes, high-heeled shoes, scarves, loose shoelaces, drawstrings, mittens, huge luggage, shopping carts, and strollers. | Xing et al., 2017; Basir et al., 2017 [1,23]. |
S4 | Behavior | Behavior refers to passengers’ actions while riding an escalator. Multi-tasking, not holding the handrail, stepping on step edges, running on escalators and playing on escalators are common improper behaviors which lead to EIs. | Xing et al., 2017; Chi et al., 2006; Basir et al., 2017 [1,3,23]. |
S5 | Knowledge about escalators | Knowledge about escalators reflects passengers’ comfort and common sense on escalator such as familiarity with escalator structure, knowing the place of emergency buttons and understanding the safety rules of riding escalators. | Alonso et al., 2018; Michael, 2005 [35,36]. |
S6 | Safety awareness | Safety awareness refers to a sense for the external conditions that may pose a threat to passenger safety. A high-level of safety awareness helps passengers follow the safety rules and behave properly when riding an escalator | Alonso et al., 2018; Al-sharif, L. 2005 [35,37]. |
S7 | Safety cognition | Safety cognition is the ability to evaluate the existing state of safety. The perception of danger is the precondition for making response decisions. | Alonso et al., 2018; Michael, 2005 [35,36]. |
S8 | Safety skill | Safety skill refers to the passengers’ knowledge of escalator safety and ability to handle emergency situation. Passengers with safety skills can confidently handle various situation when riding an escalator, reducing the consequences of EIs. | Michael, 2005; Al-sharif, L. 2005 [36,37]. |
S9 | Settings and components | Settings and components of escalators include length, width, slope, operating speed, chains, steps, shirts, handrails and electric equipment. These factors directly affect the probability of EIs. | Xing et al., 2017; Li et al. 2014; Isnaini Janipha et al., 2018; Bardyshev et al., 2017; Lai et al.,2011; [1,10,38,39,40]. |
S10 | Operating status | A strong operating status can greatly reduce the probability of EIs. Malfunctions such as reverse malfunction and sudden stops are the main causes of EIs in China. | Basir et al., 2018; Al-sharif, L. 2005; Bardyshev et al., 2017; Li et al., 2015 [23,37,39,41]. |
S11 | Safety devices | Safety devices include comb plates (to prevent passengers from tripping), balustrade skirts (to prevent clothes from getting stuck), automatic service break (to enable the escalator to stop smoothly if the drive chain or step chain is broken or if an object gets stuck into the handrail’s inlet) and emergency buttons. | Al-sharif, L. 2012; Isnaini Janipha et al. 2018; Kuutti et al., 2013 [30,38,42]. |
S12 | Maintenance | The maintenance aspect covers engineering areas such as the periodic preventative maintenance and remedial works as well as items such as cleaning (to prevent accumulation of dust and dirt that can lead to escalator fires). | Al-Sharif et al. 2012; Bardyshev et al., 2017; Kuutti et al., 2013 [30,39,42]. |
S13 | Installation location | Installation location means the specific place in which the escalator is installed. The location factor covers venue (subway station, train station and shopping mall), floor, and distances to stairs, elevators and exits. | Bardyshev et al., 2017; Ma et al., 2009; [39,43]. |
S14 | Size of space | Size of space includes landing platforms and overhead room. Enough room for passengers can reduce the risk of congestion and stampede when they approach or leave an escalator. | Li et al. 2014; Lai et al.,2011; Ma et al., 2009; Dolan et al., 2006 [10,41,43,44] |
S15 | Signage | Signage includes path signage, commercial advertising and any other signage that guides or distracts passengers. Signage around the escalator has a positive as well as negative impact on passenger safety. | Al-sharif, L. 2005; Dolan et al., 2006 [37,44]. |
S16 | Physical environment | Physical environment denotes the environmental factor that can affect system safety and mainly includes lighting, noise, temperature, humidity, dusts and hazardous gas. Environmental changes affect passengers’ physical and psychological state, and an undesirable physical environment may induce unsafe behavior. | Li et al., 2015; Ma et al., 2009; [41,43]. |
S17 | Safety rules | Safety rules refer to the safety-related regulations and constraints on the escalator passenger, instructing passengers on what they should do and what they should not do when riding escalators. | Schminke et al., 2013; Shi et al., 2012 [6,45]. |
S18 | Safety supervision | Safety supervision means on-site management of escalators and passengers by safety staff and managers. Supervision helps to correct improper behavior and identify possible safety risks. | Schminke et al., 2013; Shi et al., 2012 [6,45]. |
S19 | Information exchange | Information exchange denotes the exchange of safety information and safety rules between passengers and safety staff. The form of communication includes face-to-face conversation, radio, video, and signage. | Al-sharif, L. 2007; Shi et al., 2012 [37,45]. |
S20 | Safety culture | Safety culture refers to the ideas and feelings about safety, including safety philosophy, norms of safety behavior, and safety attitude. A strong safety culture is critical to public transportation safety. | Alonso et al., 2018; Michael, 2005 [35,36]. |
S21 | Emergency plan | Emergency plan is a pre-defined action plan for emergency actions that occurs in response to possible incidents. | Kauffmann and Kikuchi, 2013; Shi et al., 2012; Kadokura et al., 2012 [11,45,46]. |
S22 | Safety education | Safety education denotes the training and education for the public on safety cognition, safety knowledge, and safety skill. | Alonso et al., 2018; Al-sharif, L. 2005 [35,37,47]. |
S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | S6 | S7 | S8 | S9 | S10 | S11 | S12 | S13 | S14 | S15 | S16 | S17 | S18 | S19 | S20 | S21 | S22 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
fi | 0.67 | 0.59 | 0.29 | 0.27 | 1.09 | 1.12 | 0.73 | 0.86 | 1.47 | 0.30 | 0.49 | 0.78 | 0.87 | 0.80 | 0.32 | 0.49 | 1.60 | 1.46 | 1.11 | 1.27 | 0.99 | 1.86 |
ei | 0.88 | 0.81 | 1.03 | 2.17 | 0.73 | 1.01 | 1.27 | 0.89 | 0.06 | 1.19 | 1.21 | 1.30 | 0.39 | 0.33 | 0.61 | 0.13 | 0.79 | 0.90 | 1.09 | 0.88 | 1.44 | 0.29 |
mi | 1.54 | 1.40 | 1.32 | 2.43 | 1.81 | 2.14 | 2.00 | 1.75 | 1.53 | 1.49 | 1.70 | 2.08 | 1.26 | 1.13 | 0.93 | 0.62 | 2.38 | 2.36 | 2.21 | 2.15 | 2.43 | 2.14 |
ni | −0.21 | −0.23 | −0.74 | −1.90 | 0.36 | 0.11 | −0.54 | −0.03 | 1.42 | −0.89 | −0.73 | −0.52 | 0.48 | 0.47 | −0.29 | 0.36 | 0.81 | 0.55 | 0.02 | 0.39 | −0.45 | 1.57 |
Factor | Reachable Set | Antecedent Set | Collective Set | Layers |
---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | S1–S4 | S1, S5, S6, S9, S17, S18, S20, S22 | S1 | L3 |
S2 | S2, S4, S7 | S1, S2, S5, S6, S17, S18, S20, S22 | S2 | L3 |
S3 | S3 | S1, S3, S5, S6, S17−S20, S22 | S3 | L1 |
S4 | S4 | S1−S9, S11, S13−S22 | S4 | L1 |
S5 | S1–S8, S10–S12, S19, S21 | S5, S6, S17, S18, S20, S22 | S5, S6 | L4 |
S6 | S1–S8, S10–S12, S21 | S5, S6, S9, S17−S20, S22 | S5, S6 | L4 |
S7 | S4, S7, S10–S12 | S2, S5−S7, S9, S13, S17−S20, S22 | S7 | L3 |
S8 | S4, S8, S10−S12, S21 | S5, S6, S8, S17−S20, S22 | S8 | L3 |
S9 | S1, S4, S6, S7, S9, S10−S15, S17−S21 | S9 | S9 | L5 |
S10 | S10 | S5−S10, S12, S13, S17−S21 | S10 | L1 |
S11 | S11 | S5−S9, S11−S13, S17−S22 | S11 | L1 |
S12 | S10, S11, S12, S21 | S5−S9, S12, S13, S17, S18−S22 | S12, S21 | L3 |
S13 | S4, S7, S10−S13, S21 | S9, S13, S21 | S13, S21 | L3 |
S14 | S4, S14, S21 | S9, S14 | S14 | L3 |
S15 | S4, S15 | S9, S15 | S15 | L2 |
S16 | S4, S16 | S16 | S16 | L2 |
S17 | S1−S8, S10−S12, S17−S21 | S9, S17, S20 | S17, S20 | L5 |
S18 | S1−S8, S10−S12, S18−S21 | S9, S17, S18, S20, S22 | S18, S20 | L5 |
S19 | S3−S8, S10−S12, S19, S21 | S5, S9, S17−S20, S22 | S19 | L4 |
S20 | S1−S8, S10−S12, S17−S21 | S9, S17, S18, S20, S22 | S17, S18, S20, S22 | L5 |
S21 | S4, S10−S13, S21 | S5, S6, S8, S9, S12−S14, S17 −S22 | S13, S21 | L3 |
S22 | S1−S8, S11, S12, S18−S22 | S22 | S22 | L5 |
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Xie, K.; Liu, Z. Factors Influencing Escalator-Related Incidents in China: A Systematic Analysis Using ISM-DEMATEL Method. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2478. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142478
Xie K, Liu Z. Factors Influencing Escalator-Related Incidents in China: A Systematic Analysis Using ISM-DEMATEL Method. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(14):2478. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142478
Chicago/Turabian StyleXie, Kefan, and Zimei Liu. 2019. "Factors Influencing Escalator-Related Incidents in China: A Systematic Analysis Using ISM-DEMATEL Method" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 14: 2478. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142478