Perception of Air Pollution in the Jinchuan Mining Area, China: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Conceptual Model
2.1. Endogenous Variables
2.2. Exogenous Variables
- (1)
- SAP (Nearby smelting plants, serious air pollution);
- (2)
- MAP (medium air pollution); and
- (3)
- LAP (far away from pollution source, light air pollution).
- (1)
- MS (miners and smelter workers of JMC);
- (2)
- NMS (people who are JMC employees, but not miners or smelter workers); and
- (3)
- NMC (non-JMC individuals) which is the base case.
3. Methods
3.1. Sampling and Data Collection
3.2. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)
4. Empirical Results
4.1. Descriptive Statistics
4.2. The Estimated SEM
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Min | Max | Mean | S.D | ||||
Age (AGE) | 21 | 78 | 44.11 | 11.4 | ||||
Family Size (FS) | 1 | 6 | 2.95 | 0.78 | ||||
Family health experience (FHE) | 0 | 1 | 0.33 | 0.48 | ||||
Highest Level of Education (EDU) | Absolute | Percentage | Household Net Income (CNY per Month) (IN) | Absolute | Percentage | |||
Primary school | 48 | (6.00%) | 1000–2000 | 36 | (4.70%) | |||
Middle school | 179 | (23.60%) | 2000–3000 | 116 | (15.30%) | |||
High school | 192 | (25.30%) | 3000–4000 | 139 | (18.30%) | |||
Vocational school | 192 | (25.30%) | 4000–5000 | 145 | (19.10%) | |||
Bachelor’s degree | 145 | (19.10%) | 5000–6000 | 159 | (20.90%) | |||
Master’s degree | 3 | (0.40%) | 6000–7000 | 99 | (13.00%) | |||
Proximity to the Pollution Source (PPS) | 7000–8000 | 28 | (3.70%) | |||||
Nearby smelting plants, severe air pollution (SAP) | 225 | (29.60%) | 8000–9000 | 14 | (1.80%) | |||
9000–10,000 | 8 | (1.10%) | ||||||
Medium air pollution (MAP) | 226 | (29.80%) | More than 10,000 | 15 | (2.00%) | |||
Far away from smelting plants, light air pollution (LAP, reference case) | 308 | (40.60%) | ||||||
Work Environment (WE) | ||||||||
Non-JMC individual (reference case) | 452 | (59.55%) | ||||||
Miners and smelters worker of JMC (MS) | 138 | (18.18%) | ||||||
JMC employee, but not miner or smelter worker (NMS) | 169 | (22.27%) |
Fit Index | Initial Model | Final Model | Cut off Value |
---|---|---|---|
Goodness-of-Fit Index (GFI) | 0.98 | 0.98 | >0.90 |
χ2/DF | 2.53 | 2.47 | <3.00 |
Comparative Fit Index (CFI) | 0.91 | 0.93 | >0.90 |
Incremental Fit Index (IFI) | 0.92 | 0.93 | >0.90 |
Adjusted Goodness-of-Fit Index (AGFI) | 0.97 | 0.97 | >0.80 |
Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) | 0.045 | 0.041 | <0.05 |
Latent Variables | Final Model | Latent Variables | Initial Model | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicators | Coefficient | Standard Errors | R2 | Indicators | Coefficient | Standard Errors | R2 | ||
Perceived intensity of pollution (PAPL1) | PAP1 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | Perception of air pollution (PAP) | PAP1 | 0.16 | 0.05 | 0.03 |
Perceived hazardousness of the pollutants (PAPL2) | PAP2 | 0.59 | 0.03 | 0.35 | PAP2 | 0.60 | 0.04 | 0.35 | |
PAP3 | 0.53 | 0.03 | 0.28 | PAP3 | 0.53 | 0.05 | 0.28 | ||
PAP4 | 0.62 | 0.03 | 0.38 | PAP4 | 0.62 | 0.04 | 0.38 | ||
PAP5 | 0.55 | 0.03 | 0.30 | PAP5 | 0.55 | 0.05 | 0.30 | ||
Environmental knowledge (EK) | EK1 | 0.49 | 0.04 | 0.24 | Environmental knowledge (EK) | EK1 | 0.49 | 0.06 | 0.24 |
EK2 | 0.43 | 0.04 | 0.19 | EK2 | 0.43 | 0.06 | 0.19 | ||
EK3 | 0.43 | 0.04 | 0.19 | EK3 | 0.43 | 0.07 | 0.19 | ||
EK4 | 0.51 | 0.03 | 0.25 | EK4 | 0.50 | 0.07 | 0.25 | ||
EK5 | 0.57 | 0.04 | 0.32 | EK5 | 0.57 | 0.07 | 0.32 | ||
EK5 | 0.51 | 0.03 | 0.26 | EK5 | 0.51 | 0.07 | 0.26 | ||
EK7 | 0.36 | 0.03 | 0.13 | EK7 | 0.36 | 0.07 | 0.13 | ||
EK8 | 0.44 | 0.03 | 0.19 | EK8 | 0.44 | 0.07 | 0.19 | ||
Socio-economic status (SES) | Education | 0.48 | 0.05 | 0.23 | Socio-economic status (SES) | Education | 0.45 | 0.05 | 0.21 |
Income | 0.46 | 0.04 | 0.21 | Income | 0.46 | 0.04 | 0.21 |
Variables | Final Model | Initial Model | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
EK | PAPL1 | PAPL2 | EK | PAP | |
Perception of air pollution (PAP) | 0.22 | ||||
(0.23) | |||||
Environmental knowledge(EK) | 0.13 *** | 0.66 *** | 0.50 *** | ||
(0.04) | (0.08) | (0.30) | |||
Socio-economic status (SES) | 0.33 *** | 0.06 | 0.14 *** | 0.22 *** | 0.29 *** |
(0.07) | (0.05) | (0.08) | (0.11) | (0.10) | |
Age(AGE) | 0.09 *** | 0.08 ** | |||
0.03 | (0.03) | ||||
Family size (FS) | −0.08 *** | −0.09 *** | |||
(0.03) | (0.03) | ||||
Family health experience (FHE) | 0.05 * | 0.06 ** | |||
(0.03) | (0.03) | ||||
Medium air pollution (MAP) | 0.09 *** | 0.06 | −0.02 | 0.08 * | |
(0.03) | (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | ||
Serious air pollution (SAP) | 0.19 *** | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.09 ** | |
(0.03) | (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | ||
JMC employee, but not miner or smelter worker (NMS) | 0.08 | 0.06 | −0.03 | ||
(0.05) | (0.05) | (0.05) | |||
Miner or smelter worker of JMC (MS) | 0.16 *** | 0.12 ** | 0.02 | ||
(0.04) | (0.05) | (0.06) | |||
R2 | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.51 | 0.19 | 0.37 |
Variables | Indirect Effect | Total Effect | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EK | PAPL1 | PAPL2 | EK | PAPL1 | PAPL2 | |
Environmental knowledge (EK) | 0.13 *** | 0.66 *** | ||||
(0.04) | (0.08) | |||||
Family size (FS) | −0.08 *** | |||||
(0.03) | ||||||
Age (AGE) | 0.01 ** | 0.06 *** | 0.09 *** | 0.01 ** | 0.06 *** | |
(0.01) | (0.02) | (0.01) | (0.02) | (0.03) | ||
Socio-economic status (SES) | 0.04 *** | 0.02 *** | 0.33 *** | 0.10 *** | 0.35 *** | |
(0.02) | (0.06) | (0.07) | (0.05) | (0.09) | ||
Family health experience (FHE) | 0.05 * | |||||
(0.03) | ||||||
Medium air pollution (MAP) | 0.09 *** | 0.06 | ||||
(0.03) | (0.04) | |||||
Serious air pollution (SAP) | 0.19 *** | 0.06 | ||||
(0.03) | (0.04) | |||||
JMC employee, but not miner or smelter worker (NMS) | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.05 | |
(0.01) | (0.04) | (0.05) | (0.01) | (0.04) | ||
Miner or smelter worker of JMC (MS) | 0.02 ** | 0.10 *** | 0.16 *** | 0.02 ** | 0.10 *** | |
(0.01) | (0.03) | (0.04) | (0.01) | (0.04) |
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Li, Z.; Folmer, H.; Xue, J. Perception of Air Pollution in the Jinchuan Mining Area, China: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 735. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070735
Li Z, Folmer H, Xue J. Perception of Air Pollution in the Jinchuan Mining Area, China: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(7):735. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070735
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Zhengtao, Henk Folmer, and Jianhong Xue. 2016. "Perception of Air Pollution in the Jinchuan Mining Area, China: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 7: 735. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070735