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Review

Natural History of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: From Metabolic Syndrome to Hepatocellular Carcinoma

by
Melchor Alpízar Salazar
1,*,
Samantha Estefanía Olguín Reyes
2,
Andrea Medina Estévez
2,
Julieta Alejandra Saturno Lobos
2,
Jesús Manuel De Aldecoa Castillo
3,*,
Juan Carlos Carrera Aguas
3,
Samary Alaniz Monreal
2,
José Antonio Navarro Rodríguez
2 and
Dulce María Fernanda Alpízar Sánchez
2
1
Endocrinology, Specialized Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases (CEDOPEC), Mexico City 11650, Mexico
2
Clinical Research, Specialized Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases (CEDOPEC), Mexico City 11650, Mexico
3
Clinical Nutrition, Specialized Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases (CEDOPEC), Mexico City 11650, Mexico
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Medicina 2025, 61(1), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61010088
Submission received: 10 December 2024 / Revised: 30 December 2024 / Accepted: 4 January 2025 / Published: 7 January 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Gastroenterology & Hepatology)
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Abstract

Introduction: Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) stems from disrupted lipid metabolism in the liver, often linked to obesity, type 2 diabetes, and dyslipidemia. In Mexico, where obesity affects 36.9% of adults, MASLD prevalence has risen, especially with metabolic syndrome affecting 56.31% by 2018. MASLD can progress to Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis (MASH), affecting 5.27% globally, leading to severe complications like cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Background: Visceral fat distribution varies by gender, impacting MASLD development due to hormonal influences. Insulin resistance plays a central role in MASLD pathogenesis, exacerbated by high-fat diets and specific fatty acids, leading to hepatic steatosis. Lipotoxicity from saturated fatty acids further damages hepatocytes, triggering inflammation and fibrosis progression in MASH. Diagnosing MASLD traditionally involves invasive liver biopsy, but non-invasive methods like ultrasound and transient elastography are preferred due to their safety and availability. These methods detect liver steatosis and fibrosis with reasonable accuracy, offering alternatives to biopsy despite varying sensitivity and specificity. Conclusions: MASLD as a metabolic disorder underscores its impact on public health, necessitating improved awareness and early management strategies to mitigate its progression to severe liver diseases.
Keywords: Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease; steatohepatitis; liver cirrhosis; carcinoma hepatocellular; elastography Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease; steatohepatitis; liver cirrhosis; carcinoma hepatocellular; elastography

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MDPI and ACS Style

Alpízar Salazar, M.; Olguín Reyes, S.E.; Medina Estévez, A.; Saturno Lobos, J.A.; De Aldecoa Castillo, J.M.; Carrera Aguas, J.C.; Alaniz Monreal, S.; Navarro Rodríguez, J.A.; Alpízar Sánchez, D.M.F. Natural History of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: From Metabolic Syndrome to Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Medicina 2025, 61, 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61010088

AMA Style

Alpízar Salazar M, Olguín Reyes SE, Medina Estévez A, Saturno Lobos JA, De Aldecoa Castillo JM, Carrera Aguas JC, Alaniz Monreal S, Navarro Rodríguez JA, Alpízar Sánchez DMF. Natural History of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: From Metabolic Syndrome to Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Medicina. 2025; 61(1):88. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61010088

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alpízar Salazar, Melchor, Samantha Estefanía Olguín Reyes, Andrea Medina Estévez, Julieta Alejandra Saturno Lobos, Jesús Manuel De Aldecoa Castillo, Juan Carlos Carrera Aguas, Samary Alaniz Monreal, José Antonio Navarro Rodríguez, and Dulce María Fernanda Alpízar Sánchez. 2025. "Natural History of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: From Metabolic Syndrome to Hepatocellular Carcinoma" Medicina 61, no. 1: 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61010088

APA Style

Alpízar Salazar, M., Olguín Reyes, S. E., Medina Estévez, A., Saturno Lobos, J. A., De Aldecoa Castillo, J. M., Carrera Aguas, J. C., Alaniz Monreal, S., Navarro Rodríguez, J. A., & Alpízar Sánchez, D. M. F. (2025). Natural History of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: From Metabolic Syndrome to Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Medicina, 61(1), 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61010088

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