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Article

Larvicidal Potential of Trattinnickia Burserifolia Mart. Essential Oil in Controlling the Malaria Vector in the Amazon

by
Gisele Guimarães de Oliveira
1,*,
Stherfany Mac Donald da Silva
2,
Alessandro Pereira de Souza
2,
Leticia Vieira Anchieta da Silva
2,
Anauara Lima e Silva
3,
Ana Cristina Gonçalves Reis de Melo
2,
Rosemary Aparecida Roque
4,
André Correa de Oliveira
4,
Antonio Alves de Melo Filho
2 and
Andreimar Martins Soares
1
1
Bionorte Network Postgraduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Federal University of Rondônia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Porto Velho 76801-974, RO, Brazil
2
Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Research and Postgraduate Center in Science and Technology, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista 69303-220, RO, Brazil
3
Multi-User Characterization and Analysis Laboratory, Institute of Research in Drugs and Medicines, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
4
Malaria and Dengue Laboratory, Coordination of Society, Environment and Health, National Amazon Research Institute, Manaus 69067-375, AM, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(5), 604; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18050604
Submission received: 26 February 2025 / Revised: 8 April 2025 / Accepted: 10 April 2025 / Published: 22 April 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Chemical-Biological Knowledge of Essential Oils)
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Abstract

Background: Among major public health problems, malaria stands out as a tropical disease caused by the Plasmodium protozoan, with mosquitoes of the Anopheles genus serving as its vectors. This disease affects a significant portion of the population, with the highest incidence in the Legal Amazon, a region responsible for 99% of cases. Although vector control strategies, such as the use of chemical insecticides, are commonly employed, mosquito resistance, environmental impacts, and risks to human health are driving the search for natural alternatives, including the application of essential oils. Objectives: This study investigates the larvicidal activity of Trattinnickia burserifolia Mart. essential oil against Anopheles darlingi. Methods: The essential oil was obtained through hydrodistillation, and its chemical composition was identified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The larvicidal assay followed WHO protocols, testing oil concentrations ranging from 20 to 100 µg mL−1. Results: Efficacy was evaluated after 24, 48, and 72 h to determine LC50, LC90, and other parameters. Chemical composition analysis revealed the presence of 40 compounds, primarily terpenes such as tricyclene, β-pinene, limonene, and α-pinene, which possess bioactive properties that contribute to vector control. The larvicidal activity test showed that LC50 decreased with longer exposure times, indica ting increased efficacy over time. After 72 h, the LC50 was 14.51 µg mL−1, classifying the essential oil as highly effective. Conclusions: Therefore, T. burserifolia Mart. essential oil represents a promising natural alternative for malaria vector control.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

According to the World Health Organization, it is estimated that 263 million people contracted malaria in 2023 [1]. Data from the Brazilian Ministry of Health highlight that, in the same year, Brazil registered a total of 619,000 deaths caused by the disease [2].
The etiological agent of malaria is a protozoan of the Plasmodium genus, with mosquitoes of the Anopheles genus serving as its vectors [3]. Malaria is recognized as a serious public health issue and, despite prevention strategies, remains one of the diseases with the greatest impact on morbidity and mortality in tropical regions [4]. Approximately 99% of malaria transmission occurs in the Legal Amazon, which includes nine states: Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima, and Tocantins [4].
Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi is a key malaria vector. The females can reproduce rapidly in Latin American countries due to favorable climatic conditions [2]. Additionally, anthropized environments such as reservoirs and ponds provide suitable vegetation for the proliferation of this mosquito species [5].
In humans, malaria can be caused by five Plasmodium species, with P. falciparum and P. vivax being the most threatening [4]. The main symptoms include high fever, chills, shivering, sweating, and headache, although clinical manifestations do not always occur [6]. In Brazil, the Ministry of Health has established malaria-related goals: reducing mortality and severe cases, containing incidence, maintaining disease-free areas where transmission has been interrupted, and eradicating malaria from the country [4].
Malaria is considered a medical emergency when it presents severe symptoms (complicated malaria) requiring hospital treatment, which imposes a financial burden on the healthcare system [6].
The most common method for preventing mosquito-borne diseases is vector control, particularly through chemical insecticides such as carbamates, pyrethroids, and organophosphates [7]. However, studies indicate that the continuous use of these chemical insecticides can lead to vector resistance, environmental contamination (water and soil), and toxicity to humans [8,9].
Given these issues, the search for natural products to combat disease vectors has gained prominence [10]. Among these, essential oils have been highlighted for their potential use against disease vectors [11,12,13,14,15,16].
Essential oils are composed of a complex mixture of volatile organic compounds, primarily terpenoids. These lipophilic, often aromatic substances perform distinct biological functions and are derived from the plant’s secondary metabolism [17].
The Amazon hosts the greatest biodiversity in the world, with numerous plant species used for controlling insect-borne diseases [15,16]. The Burseraceae family comprises 18 genera and approximately 700 species, many of which exude resin rich in essential oils [18]. The species investigated in this study is an angiosperm, as evidenced by the presence of fruits and reproductive structures characteristic of this plant group [19]. The resins of the Burseraceae family present, in their composition, tetracyclic and pentacyclic triterpenes, which are secondary metabolites that confer distinctive chemical properties and susceptibility to oxidation [20]. A recent study shows that the genus Trattinnickia has significant pharmacological potential, particularly in relation to anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities, which require further investigation [21]. Within this family, the Trattinnickia genus is known for its use in traditional communities for medicinal purposes, such as among the quilombola communities in Oriximiná, Pará, where Trattinnickia smoke is used to treat headaches [22].
This study aimed to evaluate the larvicidal activity of Trattinnickia burserifolia Mart. essential oil (Figure 1) against the malaria vector.
This innovative contribution to the field of public health demonstrates that natural resources from the forest can be utilized for the development of new products and, consequently, for improving the population’s quality of life. It is noteworthy that, in the literature from the past five years, there are scarce records regarding the biological activity of T. burserifolia Mart. essential oil in relation to its larvicidal action against An. darlingi.

2. Results

In the data survey, publications related to the descriptors of this research were identified, as shown in Figure 2.
A few articles were identified as publications related to T. burserifolia Mart. essential oil and malaria control, as shown in Table 1.
The publications found provide relevant and updated information on the aspects investigated and contribute to the understanding and analysis of the species.

2.1. Characterization by GC-MS

The essential oil of T. burserifolia Mart. exhibited a spectrum with the following peaks, as shown in Figure 3.
A total of 40 constituents were identified in the analysis of the chemical composition of the essential oil of T. burserifolia Mart., each contributing specific properties that enhance its application as a larvicide. Among these compounds, the major constituents stand out, representing the largest proportion of the oil’s composition and being responsible for its main pharmacological activities. These constituents are detailed and quantified in Table 2.

2.2. Larvicidal Bioassay

The study on the larvicidal activity of T. burserifolia Mart. essential oil against the malaria vector An. darlingi yielded the following LC50 and LC90 results, as shown in Table 3, where the data demonstrate the effectiveness of the essential oil in vector control, emphasizing the concentrations required to achieve 50% and 90% larval mortality.
During the experiment, the larvae exhibited slow movements, which, according to the literature, is triggered by the collapse of the central nervous system [24]. This behavior highlights the importance of the relationship between the chemical structure and the biological activity of the compounds, reinforcing the correlation between penetration through the insect’s cuticle and the lipophilicity of the essential oil [25].

3. Discussion

The species under study, T. burserifolia Mart., showed a scarcity of scientific data from the past five years on major research platforms. A total of 14 publications [21,22,23,24,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34] related to the descriptors established in this research were identified. However, the Scopus platform did not present articles related to the defined descriptors, as shown in Figure 1.
The literature review carried out presented the largest number of publications found [23,24]. Despite this, it is worth noting that only two articles were identified as related to the essential oil of T. burserifolia Mart. and malaria control. The most recent article found links between the use of the plant and ecological issues, highlighting its use as an alternative to deforestation. In addition, the author identified another species of the Trattinnickia family [24], listed in Table 1.
The essential oil of T. burserifolia Mart. has a very characteristic scent of the plant. During the analysis at the Environmental Chemistry Laboratory of UFRR, the researcher noticed that the oil has a strong and striking aroma, with woody notes, which further highlights its unique characteristics.
The yield of the extracted bioproduct was 0.07%, a value that, although significant, is lower when compared to studies of species belonging to the same family, Burseraceae. Therefore, a higher yield was obtained with other species belonging to this family [28]. Essential oils generally have yields below 1%, adding significant economic value [35]. The data obtained indicate that essential oil yields vary among different plants of the same family, influenced by several factors such as seasonal conditions (season, collection time) and extraction methods used [36,37].
The yield of T. burserifolia Mart. essential oil in this study was lower than the results obtained in other research on the same species [38] during the dry season, suggesting relatively stable essential oil production for this species under different climatic conditions. These studies contribute not only to the sustainable development of the plant but also to its potential use in various industries, such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and biopesticide production.
In Brazil, numerous wildfires occurred in 2023, and the state of Roraima stood out as one of the three regions with the highest fire rates in the country. According to data from the National Institute for Space Research (NISR), the state recorded an alarming number of fire outbreaks, and the municipality of Amajari—where the plant material for this study was collected—was among the three most affected municipalities [39]. Research indicates that human activities, such as wildfires, significantly impact the chemical composition of essential oils by rapidly degrading many terpenes, which explains the low yield of T. burserifolia Mart. essential oil obtained in this study [40].
The compounds present in the essential oil of T. burserifolia Mart. are mainly terpenes, which are distinguished by their pharmacological effects. These compounds are widely used by indigenous populations for various purposes, including healthcare and traditional practices. Terpenes play a fundamental role in folk medicine due to their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties [38]. The use of these essential oils contributes to the development of new treatments for tropical diseases such as malaria [41].
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed a complex chemical profile with the identification of 40 compounds (Table 2). Among the major constituents, tricyclene (15.86%) stands out as a molecule of growing scientific interest due to its therapeutic potential. Recent studies associate tricyclene with antifungal and anti-inflammatory activities [42], highlighting its role as a promising bioactive compound. Other monoterpenes, such as β-pinene (14.21%), limonene (12.23%), α-pinene (9.38%), and α-terpinene (6.64%), also contributed significantly to the composition of the essential oil, in agreement with previous studies [38].
In the essential oil of T. burserifolia Mart., ten major chemical constituents were identified, and these are highlighted in Table 4. The remaining compounds were excluded from the analysis due to their low area values in the chromatogram, which did not reach significance for the study. This approach prioritized the most relevant components, ensuring a precise analysis focused on the main active constituents.
Despite their great importance in the scientific field, bioprospecting studies remain underexplored in Brazil [66]. Scientific databases are crucial for obtaining technological and scientific information, as the development of new drugs depends on the data provided by these studies [67].
In the larvicidal activity assay, the concentration required to cause 50% larval mortality (LC50) decreased with increased exposure time, as shown in Table 3. After 24 h, the LC50 was 96.35 µg mL−1, classified as toxic. However, after 72 h, the LC50 decreased to 14.51 µg mL−1, indicating even greater activity. These results suggest that prolonged exposure to T. burserifolia Mart. essential oil enhances its effects on larvae [68].
Essential oils contain a variety of secondary metabolites with insecticidal potential, serving as an alternative to synthetic products. These complex mixtures of bioactive compounds reduce the risk of insect resistance [41].
Mosquito larvae control can be achieved through natural compounds such as essential oils. Monoterpenes, such as α-pinene, present in some plants, have demonstrated strong larvicidal activity [69]. Additionally, oleic acid acts on the insect’s body wall, inhibiting essential enzymes for its development. These mechanisms of action suggest the potential of these compounds in controlling disease vectors such as malaria [70].
The larvicidal action of T. burserifolia Mart. essential oil occurred within 24 h, with the observation of the larvae’s slow behavior, whereas another study observed larvicidal activity after 48 h [71]. The results of this research are in line with another study, which analyzed essential oils from the Burseraceae family and identified β-pinene, α-terpineol, and caryophyllene as key components effective against Anopheles larvae [72].
Some essential oils have a sublethal effect on mosquito larvae; that is, they have an inhibitory effect on the development of the mosquito, without necessarily causing death. This characteristic is important for malaria control, as it allows action in the early stages of the mosquito’s life cycle before it becomes capable of transmitting the disease [73].
The presence of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, identified in research on Piperaceae essential oil [74], was also detected in T. burserifolia Mart. essential oil, as shown in Figure 2 and Table 2 [38].
The literature reveals that the action of terpenes, identified as chemical constituents of essential oils, enhances insecticidal activity [25,75,76]. An ethnobotanical study aimed at listing plant species used to treat malaria identified T. burserifolia Mart. as one of the most effective species in treating the disease [23], highlighting the potential of T. burserifolia Mart. essential oil extracted from the bark of its trunk in malaria control and beyond.

4. Materials and Methods

A preliminary systematic review was conducted using the following platforms: CAPES Journals, Google Scholar, Scopus, MedLine, and SciELO. The selected descriptors were Malaria, essential oil, and T. burserifolia Mart. Articles published between 2020 and 2024 were included in this study, while those published before this period were excluded.

4.1. Recording and Collection of the Species

The authorization for the collection of the plant species T. burserifolia Mart. was obtained through the Biodiversity Authorization and Information System (SISBIO) under permit No. 93967-1 and registered in the National System for Genetic Heritage and Associated Traditional Knowledge Management (SisGen) under registration No. A918C0D, in compliance with Law No. 13.123/2015 and its regulations.
The plant material (stem bark) of T. burserifolia Mart. was collected in the Tepequem Mountain Range, in the municipality of Amajari, Roraima (3°46′11.4″ S 61°43′18.8″ W), between September and March 2024, a period following wildfires in the region. Taxonomic identification was confirmed by comparison with a previously identified specimen deposited in the herbarium of the Federal University of Roraima (UFRR) under voucher numbers 3863 and 4873 to 4921.

4.2. Essential Oil Extraction

The stem bark (1 kg) of T. burserifolia Mart. was crushed and placed in a round-bottom flask with 4 L of water for the hydrodistillation process. The essential oil was isolated using a Clevenger apparatus adapted with a double condenser for 3 h continuous [77].

4.3. Identification of Chemical Constituents by Gas Chromatography Coupled withMass Spectrometry

The essential oil of T. burserifolia Mart. was diluted in HPLC-grade hexane (≥95%) Biograde (BioScie Industry, Anápolis, Brazil). The diluted solution was injected into a gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The analysis was performed using a Shimadzu® GCMS-QP2010 Ultra (Kyoto, Japan), equipped with an RTX-5MS capillary column (5% diphenyl/95% dimethyl polysiloxane) (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm). The injection volume was 1 µL, with a split ratio of 1:50.
The chromatographic conditions were as follows: sample inlet temperature of 180 °C, injector temperature of 280 °C, and oven temperature initially set at 40 °C, maintained for 2 min, then increased gradually (10 °C/min) to 100 °C and subsequently to 280 °C. Helium was used as the carrier gas. Electron impact ionization was applied at 70 eV, with full scan mode covering a mass range of 35–400 m/z [78]. Chromatographic data were processed using Shimadzu GC-MS software (GC-MS Solution, Version 4.20) and compared with reference spectra available in the Shimadzu software database and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library (NIST), as well as in other research [46].

4.4. Collection of An. Darlingi Larvae

The larvae were provided by the Malaria and Dengue Laboratory of the National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA/Manaus) in February 2024. They were collected from the Puraquequara community at the D’Chagas site (3°08′42″ S 60°17′26″ W) in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. The larvae were found in a fish farming tank with permanent, clear water. The environment featured horizontal vegetation, rich in organic matter, with the presence of algae.

4.5. Larvicidal Assay

The bioassay was conducted using third-instar larvae of the An. darlingi mosquito (Figure 4), following the World Health Organization (WHO) protocol [79]. The tested concentrations, each with three replicates, were prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), which was used as a negative control, while α-cypermethrin served as the positive control. The larvae of An. darlingi were distributed in plastic cups (180 mL) containing 100 mL of water and concentrations ranging from 20 to 100 µg mL−1. This concentration range was selected based on the guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO) for larvicidal tests. These guidelines recommend the use of scaled concentrations to determine toxicity parameters, such as lethal concentrations (LC25, LC50, and LC100) [74].
The percentage of activity at each concentration was calculated after 24, 48, and 72 h, according to Equation (1).
Larvicidal   Activity % = n u m b e r   o f   d e a d   l a r v a e t o t a l   n u m b e r   o f   l a r v a e × 100 %

4.6. Statistical Analysis

The Probit analysis was performed using IBM® SPSS® Statistics software (Version 9.0) to estimate LC50 and LC90 values, linear equations, chi-square (χ2), and degrees of freedom [80].

5. Conclusions

The essential oil of T. burserifolia Mart. has demonstrated significant potential as an effective larvicide for controlling the malaria vector, An. darlingi. However, the limited number of records found on research platforms regarding the larvicidal activity of this essential oil highlights the need for further exploration of this promising natural product. This study has emphasized the ecological and pharmacological value of the species, particularly in the Amazon biome, where the plant and the malaria vector coexist.
The variability in the chemical composition of T. burserifolia Mart. essential oil, influenced by seasonal and environmental factors, may impact its larvicidal efficacy. Therefore, future research should focus on optimizing the formulation of the essential oil for practical applications, exploring synergistic effects with other bioactive compounds, and evaluating its efficacy against other mosquito vectors.
This study contributes to the development of sustainable, plant-based larvicides that can be integrated into vector management strategies, strengthening malaria control initiatives. Additionally, it paves the way for further investigations into the pharmacological and ecological potential of T. burserifolia Mart., reinforcing the importance of conserving Amazonian biodiversity.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ph18050604/s1: Figure S1: Espectro do Triciclene (Adams, 2007) [46]; Figure S2: Espectro do β-Pineno (Adams, 2007) [46]; Figure S3: Espectro do Limoneno (Adams, 2007) [46]; Figure S4: Espectro do α-Pineno (Adams, 2007) [46]; Figure S5: Espectro do α-Terpineno (Adams, 2007) [46]; Table S1. Publications found in scientific databases containing the terms ‘Trattinnickia’ and ‘Malaria’ between 2020 and 2024.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: G.G.d.O., S.M.D.d.S., A.P.d.S. and L.V.A.d.S.; methodology: G.G.d.O., S.M.D.d.S., A.P.d.S., R.A.R., A.C.d.O. and A.L.e.S.; software: R.A.R., A.C.d.O. and A.L.e.S.; validation: G.G.d.O., A.A.d.M.F., A.C.G.R.d.M., R.A.R., A.C.d.O. and A.M.S.; formal analysis: A.A.d.M.F. and A.M.S.; investigation: G.G.d.O., S.M.D.d.S., A.P.d.S. and L.V.A.d.S.; data curation: G.G.d.O., R.A.R., A.C.d.O., A.L.e.S. and A.P.d.S.; writing—original draft preparation: G.G.d.O., S.M.D.d.S. and L.V.A.d.S.; writing—review and editing: G.G.d.O., S.M.D.d.S., A.P.d.S., A.A.d.M.F., A.C.G.R.d.M. and A.M.S.; visualization: A.A.d.M.F., S.M.D.d.S., A.P.d.S., A.C.G.R.d.M. and A.M.S.; supervision: A.A.d.M.F., A.C.G.R.d.M. and A.M.S.; project administration: A.A.d.M.F. and A.M.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Data is contained within the article or Supplementary Materials.

Acknowledgments

We extend our gratitude to the researchers from the National Institute of Amazonian Research—INPA/Manaus; to the professionals of the Multi-User Characterization and Analysis Laboratory of the Institute of Research in Drugs and Medicines (IPeFarM) of the Federal University of Paraíba; to Cláudia Pereira for the hygiene services from the Environmental Chemistry laboratory of the Federal University of Roraima (UFRR); to Sarah de Oliveira, Luciana Cabalchini, Regiane Paula, Daniel Silva, Antonio Roberson, and Stela Damas for encouraging this research; and to the academics of the UFRR Oleochemical Research Group.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Pharmaceuticals 18 00604 g001
Figure 1. Tree belonging to the Burseraceae family, with morphological characteristics including a DBH (Diameter at Breast Height) of 50 cm, inhabiting clayey soils with an abundant presence of rocks. This angiosperm organism was subjected to an injury process aimed at extracting the essential oil of T. burserifolia Mart.
Figure 1. Tree belonging to the Burseraceae family, with morphological characteristics including a DBH (Diameter at Breast Height) of 50 cm, inhabiting clayey soils with an abundant presence of rocks. This angiosperm organism was subjected to an injury process aimed at extracting the essential oil of T. burserifolia Mart.
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Pharmaceuticals 18 00604 g002
Figure 2. Survey of the main scientific publications on the species under study, conducted on scientific article research platforms, with the exclusion criterion limited to the period from 2020 to 2024.
Figure 2. Survey of the main scientific publications on the species under study, conducted on scientific article research platforms, with the exclusion criterion limited to the period from 2020 to 2024.
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Pharmaceuticals 18 00604 g003
Figure 3. Spectrum obtained from the chemical composition analysis by GC/MS of the essential oil of T. burserifolia Mart., highlighting the peaks of the major constituents, which were identified and numbered to facilitate the interpretation of the results.
Figure 3. Spectrum obtained from the chemical composition analysis by GC/MS of the essential oil of T. burserifolia Mart., highlighting the peaks of the major constituents, which were identified and numbered to facilitate the interpretation of the results.
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Pharmaceuticals 18 00604 g004
Figure 4. Representation of the mosquito An. darlingi, the vector of Plasmodium spp., the parasite that causes malaria. The image emphasizes the importance of controlling the Anopheles vector at the larval stage as a fundamental strategy to interrupt malaria transmission.
Figure 4. Representation of the mosquito An. darlingi, the vector of Plasmodium spp., the parasite that causes malaria. The image emphasizes the importance of controlling the Anopheles vector at the larval stage as a fundamental strategy to interrupt malaria transmission.
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Table 1. Publications obtained in the bibliographic survey related to the species under study, which are within the period previously selected for this research.
Table 1. Publications obtained in the bibliographic survey related to the species under study, which are within the period previously selected for this research.
Article TitleAuthor, Journal and Year
Ethnobotanical treatment of tropical diseases prescribed by practitioners and the bioenergetic profile of the population involved in southern Amazonas.[23]
Diversity of Plasmodium vectors and functional traits of trees in a disturbed forest in Tingo María, 2022.[24]
Table 2. Major constituents identified in the essential oil of T. burserifolia Mart., represented by the peaks shown in Figure 2, properly numbered and associated with their respective properties and chemical profile characterization.
Table 2. Major constituents identified in the essential oil of T. burserifolia Mart., represented by the peaks shown in Figure 2, properly numbered and associated with their respective properties and chemical profile characterization.
Corresponding PeakConstituentsMolecular FormulaRetention Time (min)Area (%)
2α-PineneC10H166.1339.38
4β-PineneC10H166.94814.21
6TricycleneC10H167.53715.86
7LimoneneC10H167.92512.23
9γ-TerpineneC10H168.4153.83
10α-TerpineneC10H168.8676.84
22α-CubebeneC15H2411.9173.58
28α-BergamoteneC15H2412.7023.50
29α-MuuroleneC15H2412.8522.82
36δ-CadinolC15H26O13.7492.00
-Others
Total		--25.75
100.00
Table 3. Results obtained from toxicity assays with An. darlingi larvae, highlighting the LC50, LC90 values, confidence interval (CI), and linear regression equations associated with the larvicidal activity of the essential oil of T. buserifolia Mart.
Table 3. Results obtained from toxicity assays with An. darlingi larvae, highlighting the LC50, LC90 values, confidence interval (CI), and linear regression equations associated with the larvicidal activity of the essential oil of T. buserifolia Mart.
Time (h)LC50 (µg mL−1) (LCL-LCU)LC90 (µg mL−1) (LCL-LCU)χ2 (Df)Linear Equation RP
2496.35 (68.714–289.888)366.78 (170.175–471.410)0.079 (3) *Y =−4.380 + 1.353x0.003
4827.74
(2.691–43.715)		189.35 (94.024–371.725)5.011 (3) *Y =−2.236 + 1.066x0.011
7214.51
(2.784–35.984)		77.87 (49.174–831.514)3.810 (3) *Y =−2.041 + 1.176x0.022
α-Cypermethrin0.33 (0.313–0.357)0.60 (0.565–0.668)0.03 (4) *4.950 ± 0.3511
LC50 and LC90—Concentration limits required to kill 50% and 90% of the larvae. LCL—lower confidence limit at 95%. LCU—upper confidence limit at 95%. χ2—non-significant chi-square (p < 0.05). Df—degrees of freedom. RP—relative potency = LC50 α-cypermethrin/LC50 of the natural product. * p ≤ 0.05 (significant).
Table 4. Description of the major constituents identified in the essential oil of T. burserifolia Mart., including their chemical class and main actions and benefits.
Table 4. Description of the major constituents identified in the essential oil of T. burserifolia Mart., including their chemical class and main actions and benefits.
Chemical ConstituentChemical GradeShare
TricycleneMonoterpene with three additional methyl substituents [43]Potential pharmacological activity against protozoa of the genus Plasmodium [44].
β-PineneMonoterpene, isomer of pinene with an exocyclic double bond [45,46]It has larvicidal activity.
It has a role as a plant metabolite [47].
LimoneneSubstituted monoterpene [46,48]One of the most commonly found compounds in plant species. It is a monoterpene that has larvicidal potential. It plays a role as a human metabolite [49].
α-PineneMethyl-substituted monoterpenes [50]Anxiolytic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, and anticoagulant effects. It has a role as a plant metabolite [51].
α-TerpineneIsomeric monoterpene [52]It has biological activities, including high therapeutic potential. It has a role as a volatile oil component and a plant metabolite [53,54].
γ-TerpineneIsomeric monoterpenes [55]Catalysis process. Antimicrobial activity. Has a role as an antioxidant and a plant metabolite. A volatile component of the oil is a human xenobiotic metabolite [56,57].
α-CubebeneTricyclic sesquiterpene [58]It has fungicidal action. It has a role as a plant metabolite. A human metabolite is a volatile oil component [59].
α-BergamoteneSesquiterpene [60]Used in biosynthesis of products. It has a role as a plant metabolite and a volatile oil component [61].
α-MuuroleneSesquiterpene [62]Insecticidal action [63].
δ-Cadinol Cadinane sesquiterpenoid [64]Antimicrobial activity. It has a role as an algal metabolite and a plant metabolite [65].
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de Oliveira, G.G.; da Silva, S.M.D.; de Souza, A.P.; da Silva, L.V.A.; Silva, A.L.e.; de Melo, A.C.G.R.; Roque, R.A.; de Oliveira, A.C.; de Melo Filho, A.A.; Soares, A.M. Larvicidal Potential of Trattinnickia Burserifolia Mart. Essential Oil in Controlling the Malaria Vector in the Amazon. Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18, 604. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18050604

AMA Style

de Oliveira GG, da Silva SMD, de Souza AP, da Silva LVA, Silva ALe, de Melo ACGR, Roque RA, de Oliveira AC, de Melo Filho AA, Soares AM. Larvicidal Potential of Trattinnickia Burserifolia Mart. Essential Oil in Controlling the Malaria Vector in the Amazon. Pharmaceuticals. 2025; 18(5):604. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18050604

Chicago/Turabian Style

de Oliveira, Gisele Guimarães, Stherfany Mac Donald da Silva, Alessandro Pereira de Souza, Leticia Vieira Anchieta da Silva, Anauara Lima e Silva, Ana Cristina Gonçalves Reis de Melo, Rosemary Aparecida Roque, André Correa de Oliveira, Antonio Alves de Melo Filho, and Andreimar Martins Soares. 2025. "Larvicidal Potential of Trattinnickia Burserifolia Mart. Essential Oil in Controlling the Malaria Vector in the Amazon" Pharmaceuticals 18, no. 5: 604. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18050604

APA Style

de Oliveira, G. G., da Silva, S. M. D., de Souza, A. P., da Silva, L. V. A., Silva, A. L. e., de Melo, A. C. G. R., Roque, R. A., de Oliveira, A. C., de Melo Filho, A. A., & Soares, A. M. (2025). Larvicidal Potential of Trattinnickia Burserifolia Mart. Essential Oil in Controlling the Malaria Vector in the Amazon. Pharmaceuticals, 18(5), 604. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18050604

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