Modelling Spatial and Temporal Forest Cover Change Patterns (1973-2020): A Case Study from South Western Ghats (India)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study area
3. Materials and Method
3.1. Satellite data classification
3.2. Predictive modelling of evergreen forest
3.3. Validation
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Vegetation types
4.2. Land-cover change analysis
4.3. Modelling evergreen forest cover change
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
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S.No | Types | 1973 | 1990 | 2004 |
---|---|---|---|---|
A | Phenelogical types | |||
1 | Evergreen | 316.72 | 182.00 | 166.49 |
2 | Semi-evergreen | 194.40 | 255.72 | 285.10 |
3 | Moist deciduous | 143.59 | 146.01 | 132.02 |
4 | Dry deciduous | 38.95 | 72.50 | 98.30 |
5 | Dry evergreen | 136.13 | 67.87 | 61.55 |
6 | Grassland | 27.36 | 114.19 | 75.14 |
Subtotal | 857.16 | 838.29 | 818.60 | |
B | Other landcover types | |||
7 | Shrubs | 1.11 | 13.20 | 16.01 |
8 | Ochlandra | 13.56 | 13.80 | 23.74 |
9 | Orchards | 2.33 | 10.17 | 16.42 |
10 | Fallow/barren | 10.04 | 7.59 | 9.86 |
11 | Water | 15.22 | 13.40 | 16.86 |
12 | Shadow | 6.97 | 8.79 | 2.50 |
13 | Cloud | 1.07 | 2.21 | 3.46 |
Grand total | 907.46 | 907.46 | 907.46 |
1990 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1973 | |||||||||||
1 | 159.33 | 122.39 | 0.26 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 3.17 | 26.79 | 0.00 | 3.33 | 1.43 | 316.72 |
2 | 21.24 | 115.67 | 9.95 | 7.58 | 0.00 | 4.94 | 29.05 | 0.05 | 4.67 | 1.25 | 194.40 |
3 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 84.07 | 30.63 | 0.00 | 0.21 | 22.49 | 5.16 | 0.00 | 1.03 | 143.59 |
4 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 17.67 | 14.47 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 1.56 | 4.39 | 0.00 | 0.85 | 38.95 |
5 | 0.00 | 5.00 | 30.08 | 18.77 | 65.77 | 0.17 | 5.16 | 2.03 | 0.00 | 9.16 | 136.14 |
6 | 0.00 | 6.47 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.13 | 5.61 | 0.93 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.31 | 13.56 |
7 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.54 | 26.04 | 0.19 | 0.01 | 0.58 | 27.36 |
8 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.81 | 0.00 | 0.29 | 1.11 |
9 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 1.11 | 1.15 | 2.33 |
10 | 1.43 | 6.19 | 3.88 | 1.03 | 1.97 | 2.14 | 3.66 | 0.48 | 1.05 | 11.46 | 33.29 |
Total | 182.00 | 255.72 | 146.01 | 72.50 | 67.87 | 16.80 | 115.68 | 13.20 | 10.17 | 27.51 | 907.46 |
2004 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | |||||||||||
1 | 116.80 | 58.07 | 0.40 | 0.27 | 0.59 | 3.83 | 0.40 | 0.01 | 0.65 | 0.98 | 182.00 |
2 | 35.60 | 166.99 | 10.80 | 19.75 | 4.92 | 6.18 | 5.83 | 0.01 | 1.52 | 4.12 | 255.72 |
3 | 0.00 | 32.44 | 53.79 | 33.92 | 7.46 | 0.08 | 5.37 | 5.80 | 0.00 | 7.15 | 146.01 |
4 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 41.31 | 17.06 | 8.24 | 0.03 | 2.06 | 2.58 | 0.01 | 1.21 | 72.50 |
5 | 0.00 | 3.85 | 12.75 | 17.94 | 31.58 | 0.04 | 0.16 | 0.42 | 0.00 | 1.13 | 67.87 |
6 | 0.00 | 8.42 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 3.97 | 0.80 | 0.00 | 0.30 | 0.18 | 13.80 |
7 | 5.80 | 12.96 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 8.18 | 11.29 | 58.43 | 3.17 | 9.27 | 6.38 | 115.68 |
8 | 0.01 | 0.28 | 9.28 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.79 | 2.76 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 13.20 |
9 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.99 | 1.01 | 0.00 | 0.68 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 4.41 | 3.00 | 10.17 |
10 | 8.28 | 2.09 | 2.65 | 8.15 | 0.52 | 0.63 | 1.23 | 1.26 | 0.24 | 5.47 | 30.52 |
Total | 166.49 | 285.10 | 132.02 | 98.30 | 61.55 | 26.75 | 75.14 | 16.01 | 16.42 | 29.68 | 907.46 |
Evergreen Forest | Area (sq.km) |
---|---|
1973 | 316 |
1990 | 182 |
2004 | 166 |
Current Scenario | |
---|---|
Category | No. of Pixels |
Evergreen forest - 1973 | 47709 |
Evergreen forest - 1990 | 27616 |
Total change | 20093 |
Total change (Sq.km) | 129 |
Annual rate of change (Sq km) | 7.56 |
Evergreen forest - 2004 | 24903 |
Total change | 2713 |
Total change (Sq.km) | 17 |
Annual rate of change (Sq km) | 1.2 |
Future Scenario | |
---|---|
Change in Evergreen Forest | Area (Sq.km) |
2010 | 134.72 |
2020 | 112.79 |
© 2008 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
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Giriraj, A.; Irfan-Ullah, M.; Murthy, M.S.R.; Beierkuhnlein, C. Modelling Spatial and Temporal Forest Cover Change Patterns (1973-2020): A Case Study from South Western Ghats (India). Sensors 2008, 8, 6132-6153. https://doi.org/10.3390/s8106132
Giriraj A, Irfan-Ullah M, Murthy MSR, Beierkuhnlein C. Modelling Spatial and Temporal Forest Cover Change Patterns (1973-2020): A Case Study from South Western Ghats (India). Sensors. 2008; 8(10):6132-6153. https://doi.org/10.3390/s8106132
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiriraj, Amarnath, Mohammed Irfan-Ullah, Manchi Sri Ramachandra Murthy, and Carl Beierkuhnlein. 2008. "Modelling Spatial and Temporal Forest Cover Change Patterns (1973-2020): A Case Study from South Western Ghats (India)" Sensors 8, no. 10: 6132-6153. https://doi.org/10.3390/s8106132