Analysis and Experiment of Wireless Optical Communications in Applications Dedicated to Mobile Devices with Applicability in the Field of Road and Pedestrian Safety
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. State of the Art in Optical Wireless Communications
2.1. The Contribution of Optical Camera Communications in the Processes of Information Transmission
2.2. The Contribution of Communications Based on Visible Light in the Transmission of Information
3. Experimental Data and Results
3.1. Usefulness of Camera-Based Optical Communications in the Detection Process
3.1.1. Techniques for Extracting Information from an LED Using Optical Communications
3.1.2. Real-Time Analysis and Processing through Optical Camera Communication Applications
3.1.3. Projective Exposure of Regressive Transformations by Parameterizable Methods and Histograms
- Black and white cells/pixels: the outline of each cell, whether black or white, is a bit rate. When we have the modulation output in the form of an M × N matrix, it is allocated at intensity levels 0–255.
- Gradient cells/pixels (gray): for this operation, each binary model that is contoured follows a consecutive order with a quantity of 8 bits, being in turn represented by a decimal value 0–255. The output is also according to the matrix expression M × N.
- RGB cells/pixels: for this color format, most of the pixels are represented by the following three color components, at different intensities between 0 and 255. Therefore, for each cell, an input data stream is represented for those bits. The differentiation is made when the output has the shape M × N × 3, having a three-dimensional shape. The dimensions of the display matrices that are generated depend very much on the screen size of the device from which the measurements take place. If the amount of data is extremely large, then the data are divided into much smaller streams, and there is an image conversion.
3.2. Utility of Environmental Sensors in Mobile Telephony in the Direct Communication Process
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- Divide the brightness range between minimum and maximum equally for each character; the ambient light sensor will not be effective if it needs to analyze all 255 characters from a greater distance.
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- TrafficLightI2P color and hazardous area identification returned tangible values regardless of background noise or brightness value.
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- The measurements were performed at a time of day when the entire lighting system was at full capacity and created a disruptive factor in most of the areas analyzed.
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- Messages sent from another device in the nearby area complied with the algorithm, and the transmission interval for ASCII and decoding characters did not exceed 10 ms.
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Article | Direction | Achievement | Limitation/Challenges |
---|---|---|---|
[51] | Optical camera based on RGB LEDs using UPSOOK and WDM communication. | Transfer rates of approximately 140–150 bps and communication distances of over 50–60 m. | Simulations performed offline using the procedure in MATLAB. Use of a single LED RGB and much smaller capacity. |
[52] | Using communication through the smartphone’s optical camera by modulating the intensity using four levels. | Transfer rates of about 10 kbps and a communication distance of about 2 m. | It cannot provide real-time processing. Using a single LED and limiting communication distances. |
[53] | Using OCC and for coding, they performed the modulation by changing the color. | Transfer rates of about 8.64 kbps and a communication distance of about 4 cm. | Limited communication distances. Inability to support multiple connections through LED communications. |
[54] | Improved optical camera communication systems using a freeform lens. | Using a freeform lens, the packet reception rate increased by 35% and the BER is reduced by 72% to a frequency of 5 kHz. | The distance for viable communication is much too short (160 lux at a distance of 1 m). |
[55] | Indoor VLC communications using the smartphone’s camera. | The transfer rates were not noticeable being of the order of kbps and at distances of a few cm. | Mobility does not exist, and there is no support in this directive. Reduced communication distance. |
Complexity | Performance | Bandwidth | Cost | Practicability | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
RGB LED | Moderate | 65 lm/W | 15–20 MHz | High | Lighting |
PC-LED | Low | 140 lm/W | 5–3 MHz | Low | Lighting |
OLED | High | 50 lm/W | ≤1 MHz | Lowest | Display |
μ-LED | Highest | - | ≥300 MHz | High | Biosensors |
Article | Direction | Method | Results |
---|---|---|---|
[67] | PC-to-PC connection and transfer text, images using visible light communications. | Transfer information (the encrypted data through visible light, and receiver identifies and descripts the information). | The study was successful in sending the text and image text with accuracy of 100% and image 99% at a rate of 9600 kbps. |
[68] | Vehicle-to-vehicle distance estimation using low-resolution camera based on visible light communications. | The work developed a high-speed and long-distance communication using VLC system and blue light LD. | The real-time transmission was 1.445 Gbit/s optical OFDM signal in 4.8 m underwater channel. The error vector magnitude was approximately 10%. |
[69] | Transfer text and image, reception text and image using light from LEDs and a light sensor. | This work transferred the image and text to bit with Raspberry Pi platform and Python. | They successfully transferred one line of text with image 80% received. |
[70] | Study that was based on communication using GaN micro-LEDs with E-O bandwidth (1.3 GHz for multi-gigabit visible light communications). | Based on the high-speed micro-LED, they demonstrated that a transfer rate of 2 Gbps and a BET of 1.2 × 10−3 can be obtained over a real distance of 3 m. | The results include a 4 Gbps system with multiplexing and orthogonal division in frequency and phase shift in quadrature and with a BER of 3.2 × 10−3. |
Distance (m) | Intensity Traffic Light—Red Color (lx) | Intensity Traffic Light—Green Color (lx) |
---|---|---|
1 | 4458.0 | 4812.0 |
5 | 3184.0 | 2445.0 |
10 | 2134.0 | 1957.0 |
15 | 1686.0 | 1468.0 |
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Zadobrischi, E. Analysis and Experiment of Wireless Optical Communications in Applications Dedicated to Mobile Devices with Applicability in the Field of Road and Pedestrian Safety. Sensors 2022, 22, 1023. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22031023
Zadobrischi E. Analysis and Experiment of Wireless Optical Communications in Applications Dedicated to Mobile Devices with Applicability in the Field of Road and Pedestrian Safety. Sensors. 2022; 22(3):1023. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22031023
Chicago/Turabian StyleZadobrischi, Eduard. 2022. "Analysis and Experiment of Wireless Optical Communications in Applications Dedicated to Mobile Devices with Applicability in the Field of Road and Pedestrian Safety" Sensors 22, no. 3: 1023. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22031023