Combined Effect of Ultrasound and Low-Heat Treatments on E. coli in Liquid Egg Products and Analysis of the Inducted Structural Alterations by NIR Spectroscopy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Ultrasonic Treatment
2.3. Preparation of Inoculation
2.4. Near-Infrared Measurements
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Microbiological Measurements
3.2. NIR Measurements
4. Discussion
4.1. Microbiological Measurements
4.2. NIR Measurements
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Frequency (kHz) | Equipment Power (W) | Duration (min) | Temperature (°C) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
I | 20 | 180 | 30 | 55 |
J | 40 | 180 | 30 | 55 |
K | 20 | 300 | 30 | 55 |
L | 40 | 300 | 30 | 55 |
M | 20 | 180 | 60 | 55 |
N | 40 | 180 | 60 | 55 |
O | 20 | 300 | 60 | 55 |
P | 40 | 300 | 60 | 55 |
K2 | 0 | 0 | 60 | 55 |
K1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects a | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent Variable: Value log CFU/mL | |||||
Source | Type III Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | Sig. |
Corrected Model | 84.484 b | 5 | 16.897 | 27.048 | 0.000 |
Intercept | 96.291 | 1 | 96.291 | 154.141 | 0.000 |
Time | 72.719 | 2 | 36.359 | 58.203 | 0.000 |
Frequency | 2.082 | 1 | 2.082 | 3.333 | 0.082 |
Time × Frequency | 6.925 | 2 | 3.462 | 5.542 | 0.011 |
Error | 13.743 | 22 | 0.625 | ||
Total | 146.305 | 28 | |||
Corrected Total | 98.228 | 27 |
Egg Product | Treatment Setup | Wavelengths | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C-N | C-C | -OH | N-H | ||
Albumen | 55 °C only | 1068 | 1152, 1248 | 1386, 1460 | - |
20 kHz, 3.7 W | 1068, 1086 | 1156, 1266 | 1366, 1466, 1530 | - | |
20 kHz, 6.9 W | 1038 | 1146, 1288 | 1324, 1370, 1434, 1550 | - | |
40 kHz, 3.7 W | 1082 | 1148, 1166, 1266 | 1344, 1388, 1462, 1550 | - | |
40 kHz, 6.9 W | 1052 | 1158 | 1338, 1454 | 1562 | |
Yolk | 55 °C only | 1066 | 1206 | 1368, 1412, 1512 | - |
20 kHz, 3.7 W | 1064 | 1152, 1206, 1248 | 1376, 1400, 1504, 1512 | - | |
20 kHz, 6.9 W | 1046, 1068 | 1156, 1206 | 1372, 1384, 1410, 1514 | - | |
40 kHz, 3.7 W | 1066 | 1154, 1206, 1224 | 1370, 1396, 1416, 1510 | - | |
40 kHz, 6.9 W | 1064 | 1206 | 1374, 1398, 1416, 1506 | 1624 | |
Whole egg | 55 °C only | 1060 | 1196 | 1380, 1484 | - |
20 kHz, 3.7 W | 1062 | 1188, 1206 | 1308, 1380, 1494, 1556 | - | |
20 kHz, 6.9 W | 976, 1060 | 1112, 1190, 1210 | 1382, 1496 | - | |
40 kHz, 3.7 W | 1060 | 1154, 1188 | 1382, 1498, 1544 | 1626 | |
40 kHz, 6.9 W | 1056, 1060 | 1192 | 1376, 1398, 1494 | 1554, 1608, 1624 |
Albumen | K1 Control | K2 (0 W; 0 kHz; 60 min) | I (3.7 W; 20 kHz; 30 min) | J (3.7 W; 40 kHz; 30 min) | K (6.9 W; 20 kHz; 30 min) | L (6.9 W; 40 kHz; 30 min) | M (3.7 W; 20 kHz; 60 min) | N (3.7 W; 40 kHz; 60 min) | O (6.9 W; 20 kHz; 60 min) | P (6.9 W; 40 kHz; 60 min) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
K1 | 49.44 | 2.31 | 3.01 | 2.75 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
K2 | 2.42 | 50 | 5.58 | 16.67 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
I | 44.62 | 42.07 | 50 | 11.08 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
J | 3.52 | 5.62 | 41.41 | 63.92 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
K | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 88.92 | 45.26 | 2.75 | 0 | 0 | 8.33 |
L | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 38.92 | 0 | 0 |
M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.74 | 97.25 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
N | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8.33 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 0 |
O | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 41.67 |
P | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.58 | 2.75 | 0 | 0 | 11.08 | 0 | 50 |
Yolk | K1 Control | K2 (0 W; 0 kHz; 60 min) | I (3.7 W; 20 kHz; 30 min) | J (3.7 W; 40 kHz; 30 min) | K (6.9 W; 20 kHz; 30 min) | L (6.9 W; 40 kHz; 30 min) | M (3.7 W; 20 kHz; 60 min) | N (3.7 W; 40 kHz; 60 min) | O (6.9 W; 20 kHz; 60 min) | P (6.9 W; 40 kHz; 60 min) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
K1 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
K2 | 0 | 72.25 | 33.33 | 44.46 | 0 | 38.92 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.58 |
I | 0 | 27.75 | 50 | 0 | 16.67 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
J | 0 | 0 | 0 | 52.79 | 0 | 11.08 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.58 |
K | 0 | 0 | 16.67 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
L | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 33.33 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.75 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 50 | 0 | 0 |
N | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 0 |
O | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 |
P | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 88.84 |
Whole Egg | K1 Control | K2 (0 W; 0 kHz; 60 min) | I (3.7 W; 20 kHz; 30 min) | J (3.7 W; 40 kHz; 30 min) | K (6.9 W; 20 kHz; 30 min) | L (6.9 W; 40 kHz; 30 min) | M (3.7 W; 20 kHz; 60 min) | N (3.7 W; 40 kHz; 60 min) | O (6.9 W; 20 kHz; 60 min) | P (6.9 W; 40 kHz; 60 min) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
K1 | 91.67 | 0 | 27.75 | 44.42 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
K2 | 0 | 38.92 | 0 | 0 | 8.33 | 22.25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
I | 2.75 | 0 | 47.25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
J | 5.58 | 47.25 | 0 | 55.58 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
K | 0 | 11.08 | 0 | 0 | 61.08 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
L | 0 | 2.75 | 19.42 | 0 | 13.92 | 77.75 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
N | 0 | 0 | 5.58 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
O | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16.67 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 |
P | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 |
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Nagy, D.; Baranyai, L.; Nguyen, L.L.P.; Taczman Brückner, A.; Zsom, T.; Németh, C.; Felföldi, J.; Zsom-Muha, V. Combined Effect of Ultrasound and Low-Heat Treatments on E. coli in Liquid Egg Products and Analysis of the Inducted Structural Alterations by NIR Spectroscopy. Sensors 2022, 22, 9941. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22249941
Nagy D, Baranyai L, Nguyen LLP, Taczman Brückner A, Zsom T, Németh C, Felföldi J, Zsom-Muha V. Combined Effect of Ultrasound and Low-Heat Treatments on E. coli in Liquid Egg Products and Analysis of the Inducted Structural Alterations by NIR Spectroscopy. Sensors. 2022; 22(24):9941. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22249941
Chicago/Turabian StyleNagy, Dávid, László Baranyai, Lien Le Phuong Nguyen, Andrea Taczman Brückner, Tamás Zsom, Csaba Németh, József Felföldi, and Viktória Zsom-Muha. 2022. "Combined Effect of Ultrasound and Low-Heat Treatments on E. coli in Liquid Egg Products and Analysis of the Inducted Structural Alterations by NIR Spectroscopy" Sensors 22, no. 24: 9941. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22249941
APA StyleNagy, D., Baranyai, L., Nguyen, L. L. P., Taczman Brückner, A., Zsom, T., Németh, C., Felföldi, J., & Zsom-Muha, V. (2022). Combined Effect of Ultrasound and Low-Heat Treatments on E. coli in Liquid Egg Products and Analysis of the Inducted Structural Alterations by NIR Spectroscopy. Sensors, 22(24), 9941. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22249941