Blood Coagulation Testing Smartphone Platform Using Quartz Crystal Microbalance Dissipation Method
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents and Equipment
2.2. QCM Dissipation Based Coagulation Measurement Principles
2.3. Platform Electronic Design Principles
- D—The dissipation factor of the QCM sensor,
- BW—3 dB bandwidth of the center frequency, in Hertz,
- fs—The resonant frequency, in Hertz.
- Switches K1 and K1’ were left unconnected to any pathway to start a dark noise calibration;
- DDS chips were used to generate two sine wave signal Se and Sre with the same frequency (fn) and the same phase (0°), the result of the multiplier was processed by low pass filter (LPF) and analog to digital converter (ADC), the voltage was recorded as ;
- Keep the signal Se unchanged and Sre was generated with frequency and phase 90°, the voltage result was recorded as ;
- K1 and K1’ were switched to calibration pathway to start a single frequency zero-point calibration.
- Repeat steps 2–3, voltage results were recorded as and respectively;
- K1 and K1’ were switched to QCM pathway to start a single point frequency response measurement;
- Repeat steps 2–3, voltage results were recorded as and respectively;
2.4. Coagulation Test Chip Design
2.5. Dissipation Stability of the Test Device
2.6. APTT and PT Measurements Based on the Platform
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Dissipation Based Coagulation Measurement
3.2. Coagulation Indexes Results Determination
3.3. APTT and PT Measurement Results
3.4. Reducing the Sample Volume of Coagulation Measurements
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Samples | Whole Blood Based PT Test Results (s) | Plasma Based PT Test Results (s) | Reference PT Test Results (s) |
---|---|---|---|
sample-1 | 72.1 ± 1.5 | 82.2 ± 5.4 | 10.8 |
sample-2 | 67.0 ± 6.4 | 77.1 ± 3.4 | 10.7 |
sample-3 | 85.3 ± 8.4 | 88.2 ± 10.8 | 10.9 |
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Yao, J.; Feng, B.; Zhang, Z.; Li, C.; Zhang, W.; Guo, Z.; Zhao, H.; Zhou, L. Blood Coagulation Testing Smartphone Platform Using Quartz Crystal Microbalance Dissipation Method. Sensors 2018, 18, 3073. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18093073
Yao J, Feng B, Zhang Z, Li C, Zhang W, Guo Z, Zhao H, Zhou L. Blood Coagulation Testing Smartphone Platform Using Quartz Crystal Microbalance Dissipation Method. Sensors. 2018; 18(9):3073. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18093073
Chicago/Turabian StyleYao, Jia, Bin Feng, Zhiqi Zhang, Chuanyu Li, Wei Zhang, Zhen Guo, Heming Zhao, and Lianqun Zhou. 2018. "Blood Coagulation Testing Smartphone Platform Using Quartz Crystal Microbalance Dissipation Method" Sensors 18, no. 9: 3073. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18093073