Seasonal and Interspecific Variation in Frugivory by a Mixed Resident-Migrant Overwintering Songbird Community
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Defining Fall and Winter
2.4. Bird Capture and Sample Collection
2.5. Fecal Analysis
2.6. Isotope Sample Preparation and Analysis
2.7. Comparing Community-Level Diet Divergence between Summer, Fall, and Winter
2.8. Potential Foods and Their Isotopic Values
2.9. Assessing Distinctiveness of Dietary Endpoints
2.10. Dietary Discrimination Values
2.11. Mixing Model Diet Estimation and Comparison of Fall and Winter Resource Use
3. Results
3.1. Characterizing Dietary Endpoints
3.2. Seasonal Changes in Diet Dispersion
3.3. Variability and Seasonal Patterns of Resource Use
3.4. Comparison of Fecal and Mixing Model Estimates of Songbird Fruit Consumption
4. Discussion
4.1. Fruit and Seed Contributions to Assimilated Songbird Diets
4.2. Comparing Estimates Derived from Stable Isotope Modeling to Those from Feces
4.3. Seasonal Changes in Diet: The Importance of Fruits and Seeds
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Comparison | Fruit | Arth | Arth (H-C3) | Arth (L-C3) | Arth (H-C4) | Arth (L-C4) | Seeds | Seeds (C3) | Seeds (C4) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Northern Cardinal | Winter > Fall? | 0.25 | 0.60 | 0.40 | 0.35 | 0.55 | 0.85 | 0.61 | 0.34 | 0.86 |
Ruby-Crowned Kinglet | Winter > Fall? | 0.84 | 0.16 | 0.49 | 0.21 | - | - | - | - | - |
Yellow-Rumped Warbler | Winter 1 > Fall? | 0.98 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 1.00 | - | - | - | - | - |
Winter 2 > Fall? | 0.77 | 0.23 | 0.00 | 0.98 | - | - | - | - | - | |
White-Throated Sparrow | Winter > Fall? | - | 0.43 | 0.28 | 0.50 | 0.43 | 0.66 | 0.57 | 0.46 | 0.65 |
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Carter, W.A.; Pearson, S.F.; Smith, A.D.; McWilliams, S.R.; Levey, D.J. Seasonal and Interspecific Variation in Frugivory by a Mixed Resident-Migrant Overwintering Songbird Community. Diversity 2021, 13, 314. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13070314
Carter WA, Pearson SF, Smith AD, McWilliams SR, Levey DJ. Seasonal and Interspecific Variation in Frugivory by a Mixed Resident-Migrant Overwintering Songbird Community. Diversity. 2021; 13(7):314. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13070314
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarter, Wales A., Scott F. Pearson, Adam D. Smith, Scott R. McWilliams, and Douglas J. Levey. 2021. "Seasonal and Interspecific Variation in Frugivory by a Mixed Resident-Migrant Overwintering Songbird Community" Diversity 13, no. 7: 314. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13070314