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Volume 27
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Review

Multifunctional Valorisation of Pistachio (Pistacia spp.) By-Products: A Review of Sustainable Applications in Environmental and Industrial Contexts

by
Tomasz Kowalczyk
1,*,
Maciej Kowalski
2,
Adam Majchrzak
3,
Laurent Picot
4,
Lucyna Herczyńska
5,
Wirginia Kukula-Koch
6,
Noureddine El Aouad
7 and
Przemysław Sitarek
8,*
1
Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
2
Students Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
3
Students Research Group, Textile Institute, Faculty of Material Technologies and Textile Design, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
4
Littoral Environnement et Sociétés UMRi CNRS 7266 LIENSs, La Rochelle Université, 17042 La Rochelle, France
5
Textile Institute, Faculty of Material Technologies and Textile Design, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
6
Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Garden, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
7
Research Team on Natural Products Chemistry and Smart Technologies (NPC-ST), Polydisciplinary Faculty of Larache, University Abdelmalek Essaadi, Tetouan 93000, Morocco
8
Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(10), 4306; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27104306
Submission received: 23 April 2026 / Revised: 30 April 2026 / Accepted: 6 May 2026 / Published: 12 May 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Synthesis of Biomaterials Using Plant Extracts with Potential Application in Medicine and Biotechnology)
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Abstract

The growth of pistachio (Pistacia spp.) production, particularly in America, Iran, and Turkey, has resulted in the production of substantial quantities of by-products, including shells, fruit husks, leaves, resins, and tree pruning waste. Although these fractions contain a range of beneficial secondary compounds, they are rarely used. Recent advances in nanotechnology and materials engineering suggest that they can be used as inexpensive, renewable raw materials in the fields of agriculture, the food industry, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and environmental engineering. Pistachio by-products have been shown to exhibit antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and anticorrosive properties, making them good candidates for use in active packaging systems and nanoencapsulation. They may also be valuable as fertilisers, animal feed, and composite materials. They have been found to have potential roles in industrial pollutant removal and energy storage, and as ‘green’ precursors for nanomaterials. This review summarises the current knowledge on the multifunctional applications of Pistacia spp. by-products, emphasising their importance in implementing circular economic strategies and sustainable industrial development. This study also addresses the practical application of pistachio by-products, as well as the widely appreciated nuts, within the domain of patents, thereby illustrating the prospective pathway of currently emerging solutions in the context of sustainable development.
Keywords: bioactive compounds; circular economy; composite development; environmental applications; green nanomaterials; nanotechnology; pistachio by-products; Pistacia spp.; sustainable materials; waste valorization bioactive compounds; circular economy; composite development; environmental applications; green nanomaterials; nanotechnology; pistachio by-products; Pistacia spp.; sustainable materials; waste valorization
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MDPI and ACS Style

Kowalczyk, T.; Kowalski, M.; Majchrzak, A.; Picot, L.; Herczyńska, L.; Kukula-Koch, W.; Aouad, N.E.; Sitarek, P. Multifunctional Valorisation of Pistachio (Pistacia spp.) By-Products: A Review of Sustainable Applications in Environmental and Industrial Contexts. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27, 4306. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27104306

AMA Style

Kowalczyk T, Kowalski M, Majchrzak A, Picot L, Herczyńska L, Kukula-Koch W, Aouad NE, Sitarek P. Multifunctional Valorisation of Pistachio (Pistacia spp.) By-Products: A Review of Sustainable Applications in Environmental and Industrial Contexts. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2026; 27(10):4306. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27104306

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kowalczyk, Tomasz, Maciej Kowalski, Adam Majchrzak, Laurent Picot, Lucyna Herczyńska, Wirginia Kukula-Koch, Noureddine El Aouad, and Przemysław Sitarek. 2026. "Multifunctional Valorisation of Pistachio (Pistacia spp.) By-Products: A Review of Sustainable Applications in Environmental and Industrial Contexts" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 27, no. 10: 4306. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27104306

APA Style

Kowalczyk, T., Kowalski, M., Majchrzak, A., Picot, L., Herczyńska, L., Kukula-Koch, W., Aouad, N. E., & Sitarek, P. (2026). Multifunctional Valorisation of Pistachio (Pistacia spp.) By-Products: A Review of Sustainable Applications in Environmental and Industrial Contexts. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 27(10), 4306. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27104306

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