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Article

Potential Early Markers for Breast Cancer: A Proteomic Approach Comparing Saliva and Serum Samples in a Pilot Study

by
Indu Sinha
1,
Rachel L. Fogle
2,†,
Gizem Gulfidan
3,†,
Anne E. Stanley
4,
Vonn Walter
5,
Christopher S. Hollenbeak
6,
Kazim Y. Arga
3,7 and
Raghu Sinha
1,*
1
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
2
Environmental Science and Sustainability Program, Harrisburg University of Science and Technology, Harrisburg, PA 17101, USA
3
Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Istanbul 34854, Turkey
4
Mass Spectrometry Core, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
5
Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
6
Department of Health Policy and Administration, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16801, USA
7
Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research and Investigation Center, Marmara University, Istanbul 34854, Turkey
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(4), 4164; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24044164
Submission received: 31 December 2022 / Revised: 4 February 2023 / Accepted: 16 February 2023 / Published: 19 February 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Biomarkers in Cancer and Their Applications)
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Abstract

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death for women in the United States, and early detection could offer patients the opportunity to receive early intervention. The current methods of diagnosis rely on mammograms and have relatively high rates of false positivity, causing anxiety in patients. We sought to identify protein markers in saliva and serum for early detection of breast cancer. A rigorous analysis was performed for individual saliva and serum samples from women without breast disease, and women diagnosed with benign or malignant breast disease, using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) technique, and employing a random effects model. A total of 591 and 371 proteins were identified in saliva and serum samples from the same individuals, respectively. The differentially expressed proteins were mainly involved in exocytosis, secretion, immune response, neutrophil-mediated immunity and cytokine-mediated signaling pathway. Using a network biology approach, significantly expressed proteins in both biological fluids were evaluated for protein–protein interaction networks and further analyzed for these being potential biomarkers in breast cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Our systems approach illustrates a feasible platform for investigating the responsive proteomic profile in benign and malignant breast disease using saliva and serum from the same women.
Keywords: saliva; serum; benign; malignant; breast cancer; proteomics; protein–protein interaction network; potential biomarkers; diagnostic; prognostic saliva; serum; benign; malignant; breast cancer; proteomics; protein–protein interaction network; potential biomarkers; diagnostic; prognostic

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Sinha, I.; Fogle, R.L.; Gulfidan, G.; Stanley, A.E.; Walter, V.; Hollenbeak, C.S.; Arga, K.Y.; Sinha, R. Potential Early Markers for Breast Cancer: A Proteomic Approach Comparing Saliva and Serum Samples in a Pilot Study. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 4164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24044164

AMA Style

Sinha I, Fogle RL, Gulfidan G, Stanley AE, Walter V, Hollenbeak CS, Arga KY, Sinha R. Potential Early Markers for Breast Cancer: A Proteomic Approach Comparing Saliva and Serum Samples in a Pilot Study. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(4):4164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24044164

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sinha, Indu, Rachel L. Fogle, Gizem Gulfidan, Anne E. Stanley, Vonn Walter, Christopher S. Hollenbeak, Kazim Y. Arga, and Raghu Sinha. 2023. "Potential Early Markers for Breast Cancer: A Proteomic Approach Comparing Saliva and Serum Samples in a Pilot Study" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 4: 4164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24044164

APA Style

Sinha, I., Fogle, R. L., Gulfidan, G., Stanley, A. E., Walter, V., Hollenbeak, C. S., Arga, K. Y., & Sinha, R. (2023). Potential Early Markers for Breast Cancer: A Proteomic Approach Comparing Saliva and Serum Samples in a Pilot Study. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(4), 4164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24044164

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