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Article

Identification of Functional Brassinosteroid Receptor Genes in Oaks and Functional Analysis of QmBRI1

by
Wanfeng Ai
1,2,†,
Hanzhang Liu
1,2,†,
Yutao Wang
1,2,
Yu Wang
1,2,
Jun Wei
1,2,
Xiaolin Zhang
1,2,* and
Xiujun Lu
1,2,*
1
College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
2
Key Laboratory for Silviculture of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110866, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(22), 16405; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242216405
Submission received: 11 October 2023 / Revised: 10 November 2023 / Accepted: 13 November 2023 / Published: 16 November 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brassinosteroid (BR) Signal Transduction in Plants)
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Abstract

Brassinosteroids (BRs) play important regulatory roles in plant growth and development, with functional BR receptors being crucial for BR recognition or signaling. Although functional BR receptors have been extensively studied in herbaceous plants, they remain largely under-studied in forest tree species. In this study, nine BR receptors were identified in three representative oak species, of which BRI1s and BRL1s were functional BR receptors. Dispersed duplications were a driving force for oak BR receptor expansion, among which the Brassinosteroid-Insensitive-1 (BRI1)-type genes diverged evolutionarily from most rosids. In oak BRI1s, we identified that methionine in the conserved Asn-Gly-Ser-Met (NGSM) motif was replaced by isoleucine and that the amino acid mutation occurred after the divergence of Quercus and Fagus. Compared with QmBRL1, QmBRI1 was relatively highly expressed during BR-induced xylem differentiation and in young leaves, shoots, and the phloem and xylem of young stems of Quercus mongolica. Based on Arabidopsis complementation experiments, we proved the important role of QmBRI1 in oak growth and development, especially in vascular patterning and xylem differentiation. These findings serve as an important supplement to the findings of the structural, functional and evolutionary studies on functional BR receptors in woody plants and provide the first example of natural mutation occurring in the conserved BR-binding region (NGSM motif) of angiosperm BRI1s.
Keywords: Quercus L.; functional BR receptors; BRI1 gene family; BRI1-BRLs; evolution Quercus L.; functional BR receptors; BRI1 gene family; BRI1-BRLs; evolution

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ai, W.; Liu, H.; Wang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Wei, J.; Zhang, X.; Lu, X. Identification of Functional Brassinosteroid Receptor Genes in Oaks and Functional Analysis of QmBRI1. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 16405. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242216405

AMA Style

Ai W, Liu H, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wei J, Zhang X, Lu X. Identification of Functional Brassinosteroid Receptor Genes in Oaks and Functional Analysis of QmBRI1. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(22):16405. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242216405

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ai, Wanfeng, Hanzhang Liu, Yutao Wang, Yu Wang, Jun Wei, Xiaolin Zhang, and Xiujun Lu. 2023. "Identification of Functional Brassinosteroid Receptor Genes in Oaks and Functional Analysis of QmBRI1" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 22: 16405. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242216405

APA Style

Ai, W., Liu, H., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Wei, J., Zhang, X., & Lu, X. (2023). Identification of Functional Brassinosteroid Receptor Genes in Oaks and Functional Analysis of QmBRI1. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(22), 16405. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242216405

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