Brain-Biomarker Changes in Body Fluids of Patients with Parkinson’s Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. PD
1.2. PD Biomarkers: General Information
2. Brain-Biomarker Changes in Body Fluids of PD Patients
2.1. Neurofilament Light Protein
2.2. Substance P
2.3. S100 Calcium-Binding Protein A10
2.4. Neurotensin
2.5. Chromogranins
2.6. VGF
2.7. Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein
3. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Protein | Brain | Body Fluid | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Method | Change | Sample | Phase | Method | Change | Sample | Phase | |
NF-L | IHC [17] | * | SN | Advanced Early | SIMOA [21,22,23,24] ECLIA [25] | ↑ | Serum | Advanced Prodromic |
ECLIA [20] | ↑ | Plasma | Advanced | |||||
SP | RIA [44,45,46] | ↓ | SN | Advanced | ELISA [50] | ↑ | Serum | Advanced |
RIA [45,47] | ↓ | Putamen | Advanced | ELISA [49] | ↓ | Sputum | Early Advanced | |
RIA [48] | ↓ | Caudate | Advanced | |||||
RIA [46] | ↓ | GP | Advanced | |||||
P11 | qPCR [53] | ↓ | SN | Advanced | Flow cytometry [53] | ↑ | Plasma | Advanced |
NT | HPLCRIA [58,59] | ↑ ↓ | SN Hyp. | Advanced | RIA [60] | ↑ | Plasma | Early Advanced |
ChA | IHC [66,67] | * | SN cerebellum cerebrum | Advanced | ELISA [68] | ↑ | Serum | Early Intermediate Advanced |
VGF | ELISA [87,88,89] | ↓ | Cortex | Advanced | ELISA [87] | ↓ | Plasma | Early Advanced |
LC-MS/MS [91] | ↓ | Urine | with or without LRRK2 G2019S mutation | |||||
GFAP | IHC [101] | ↑ | SN | Advanced | SIMOA [102] | ↑ | Plasma | Advanced |
ELISA [103] [104] SIMOA [106] | ↑ | Serum | Advanced |
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Cocco, C.; Manai, A.L.; Manca, E.; Noli, B. Brain-Biomarker Changes in Body Fluids of Patients with Parkinson’s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 10932. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310932
Cocco C, Manai AL, Manca E, Noli B. Brain-Biomarker Changes in Body Fluids of Patients with Parkinson’s Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(13):10932. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310932
Chicago/Turabian StyleCocco, Cristina, Antonio Luigi Manai, Elias Manca, and Barbara Noli. 2023. "Brain-Biomarker Changes in Body Fluids of Patients with Parkinson’s Disease" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 13: 10932. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310932