Development of a Novel Electrochemical Biosensor Based on Carbon Nanofibers–Cobalt Phthalocyanine–Laccase for the Detection of p-Coumaric Acid in Phytoproducts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Preliminary Studies for Electrode Characterization
2.2. The Voltammetric Responses of Electrodes in p-Coumaric Acid Solution
2.3. Influence of Scan Rate on the Voltammetric Response
2.4. Calibration Curve
2.5. Characteristics of the Biosensor
2.6. Stability, Reproducibility of Fabrication, and Repeatability of the Biosensor
2.7. Interference Studies
2.8. Determining PCA in Phytoproducts
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Reagents and Solution
3.2. Electrodes and Devices Used
3.3. Preparation of the CNF-CoPc/SPE Biosensor
3.4. Preparation of the CNF-CoPc-Lac/SPE Biosensor
3.5. Methods of Analysis
3.5.1. Cyclic Voltammetry
3.5.2. Square Wave Voltammetry
3.5.3. Chronoamperometry
3.6. Real-Life Samples and Preparation of Testing Solutions
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Electrode | Epa1 (V) | Epox2 (V) | Epc3 (V) | E1/24 (V) | Ipa5 (µA) | Ipox6 (µA) | Ipc7 (µA) | Ipc/Ipox |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CNF/SPE | 0.814 | 0.523 | 0.160 | 0.341 | 171.170 | 30.300 | −20.219 | 0.669 |
CNF-CoPc/SPE | 0.818 | 0.489 | 0.079 | 0.284 | 96.208 | 19.650 | −25.354 | 1.290 |
CNF-CoPc-Lac/SPE | 0.904 | 0.537 | 0.011 | 0.274 | 147.964 | 40.269 | −52.506 | 1.303 |
Electrode | Equation | R2 | Γ (mol × cm−2) |
---|---|---|---|
CNF/SPE | Ipc = −197.46 × 10−6 v −7.5975 × 10−6 | 0.996 | 3.84 × 10−10 |
CNF-CoPc/SPE | Ipc = −229.75 × 10−6 v −11.029 × 10−6 | 0.999 | 4.46 × 10−10 |
CNF-CoPc-Lac/SPE | Ipc = −310.01 × 10−6 v −41.585 × 10−6 | 0.982 | 6.02 × 10−10 |
Electrode | Linear Equation | R2 | LOD (M) | LOQ (M) |
---|---|---|---|---|
CNF-CoPc-Lac/SPE | Ipc = −0.0247c − 0.4188 | 0.9714 | 4.83 × 10−7 | 1.61 × 10−6 |
Laccase Biosensor | Analyte | Detection Technique | Linearity Range (µM) | LOD (M) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lac/Ag-ZnONPs/MWCNTs/C-SPE | Bisphenol A | CV | 0.5–2.99 | 6.0×10−9 | [42] |
ePDA-Lac | Caffeic acid | CV | 1–50 | 1.4 × 10−7 | [80] |
Rosmarinic acid | 1–20 | 9.0 × 10−8 | |||
Gallic acid | 1–150 | 2.9 × 10−7 | |||
Lac/MWCNT-COOH/AuNPs-SDBS-PEDOT/GCE | Catechol | DPV | 0.1–0.5 11.99–94.11 | 1.1 × 10−7 1.22 × 10−5 | [81] |
Nafion-TiO2/CuCNFs-Lac-GCE | Hydroquinone | Amp | 1–89.8 | 3.65 × 10−6 | [82] |
FYSSns–2–Lac/GCE | Catechol | DPV | 12.5–450 | 1.6 × 10−6 | [83] |
PtNPs-BOT-Lac/GO | 5-CQA | SWV | 0.56–7.3 | 1.8 × 10−7 | [41] |
GNP@MnO2 (SPCE/GNP@MnO2) | caffeic acid | Amp | - | 1.9 × 10−6 | [84] |
CNF-CoPc-Lac/SPE | p-coumaric acid | CV | 0.4–6.4 | 4.83 × 10−7 | This work |
Interfering Compound | Ratio | Recovery/% | Ratio | Recovery/% | Ratio | Recovery/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ascorbic acid | 1:1 | 101 ± 3.6 | 1:10 | 99 ± 2.6 | 1:20 | 98 ± 2.8 |
ferrulic acid | 1:1 | 99 ± 2.7 | 1:10 | 98 ± 3.1 | 1:20 | 97 ± 3.3 |
vanillic acid | 1:1 | 98 ± 3.9 | 1:10 | 96 ± 4.0 | 1:20 | 95 ± 3.6 |
gallic acid | 1:1 | 102 ± 3.7 | 1:10 | 100 ± 2.2 | 1:20 | 99 ± 3.2 |
Phytopreparations | FTIR Method mg/g PCA | Voltammetric Method mg/g PCA |
---|---|---|
Spirulin | 1.569 | 1.674 |
Ghindazin | 0.644 | 0.783 |
Tuiazin | 1.936 | 2.149 |
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Bounegru, A.V.; Apetrei, C. Development of a Novel Electrochemical Biosensor Based on Carbon Nanofibers–Cobalt Phthalocyanine–Laccase for the Detection of p-Coumaric Acid in Phytoproducts. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 9302. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179302
Bounegru AV, Apetrei C. Development of a Novel Electrochemical Biosensor Based on Carbon Nanofibers–Cobalt Phthalocyanine–Laccase for the Detection of p-Coumaric Acid in Phytoproducts. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(17):9302. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179302
Chicago/Turabian StyleBounegru, Alexandra Virginia, and Constantin Apetrei. 2021. "Development of a Novel Electrochemical Biosensor Based on Carbon Nanofibers–Cobalt Phthalocyanine–Laccase for the Detection of p-Coumaric Acid in Phytoproducts" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 17: 9302. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179302