Deficient Leptin Cellular Signaling Plays a Key Role in Brain Ultrastructural Remodeling in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Leptin
3. Central Nervous System (CNS) Roles of Leptin in Diet induced Obesity (DIO), db/db and BTBR ob/ob: Genetic Preclinical Models
4. Neurovascular Unit (NVU) as an Anatomical Ultrastructural and Functional Unit
4.1. The Brain Endothelial Cell (BEC)
4.1.1. The BECs and Endothelial Glycocalyx (ecGCx)
4.1.2. The BEC Basement Membrane
4.1.3. BEC Activation-Dysfunction of the NVU
4.2. The Neurovascular Unit Pericyte (Pc)
4.3. Neurovascular Unit Astrocyte (AC) and Astrocyte Foot Process (ACfp)
4.4. NVU Oligodendrocytes and Myelinated Neurons
5. Microglia (MGC)
6. Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier (BCSFB), Choroid Plexus, Median Eminence of Third Ventricle, Tanycytes, Circumventricular organ(s) (CVOs) and Hypothalamic Nuclei
7. Summary
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hayden, M.R.; Banks, W.A. Deficient Leptin Cellular Signaling Plays a Key Role in Brain Ultrastructural Remodeling in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 5427. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115427
Hayden MR, Banks WA. Deficient Leptin Cellular Signaling Plays a Key Role in Brain Ultrastructural Remodeling in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(11):5427. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115427
Chicago/Turabian StyleHayden, Melvin R., and William A. Banks. 2021. "Deficient Leptin Cellular Signaling Plays a Key Role in Brain Ultrastructural Remodeling in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11: 5427. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115427
APA StyleHayden, M. R., & Banks, W. A. (2021). Deficient Leptin Cellular Signaling Plays a Key Role in Brain Ultrastructural Remodeling in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(11), 5427. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115427