Low-Dose Phosphodiesterase III Inhibitor Reduces the Vascular Amyloid Burden in Amyloid-β Protein Precursor Transgenic Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Survival Rate, Feed Consumption, and Drug Intake
2.2. Confirmation of Age-Related Cerebrovascular Amyloid Burden and Smooth Muscle Cell Loss
2.3. Acute Subdural or Cerebral Bleeding(S)
2.4. Cerebral Micro-Hemorrhages
2.5. CAA Burden
2.6. Senile Plaque
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Standard Protocol Approval
4.2. Animals
4.3. Drugs
4.4. Measurements of Estimated Individual Food Consumption and Drug Intake by the Groups
4.5. Histology and Immunohistochemistry
4.6. Pathological Evaluations
4.6.1. Observation of Natural Changes of Cerebrovascular Amyloid Burden and Smooth Muscle Cell Loss
4.6.2. Specimens and Raters
4.6.3. Quantitation of Cerebral Hemorrhage(s)
4.6.4. Quantitative Analysis of CAA Burden
4.6.5. Quantitative Analysis of Senile Plaque
4.6.6. Statistical Analyse
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Aβ | amyloid-β |
APP | amyloid-β Protein Precursor |
CAA | cerebral amyloid angiopathy |
H&E | hematoxylin and eosin |
IQR | interquartile range |
JPEG | joint photographic experts group |
PBS | phosphate-buffered saline |
PDE | phosphodiesterase |
Appendix A
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Control Group | Aspirin Group | Cilostazol Group | |
---|---|---|---|
Measurements, times | 75 | 77 | 75 |
Estimated individual food consumption, g/day (SD) | 3.57 (0.40) | 3.67 (0.47) a | 3.67 (0.44) b |
Estimated individual drug intake, mg/kg/day (SD) | NA | 14.7 (1.9) | 14.7 (1.8) |
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Yakushiji, Y.; Kawamoto, K.; Uchihashi, K.; Ihara, M.; Aoki, S.; Nagaishi, Y.; Suzuyama, K.; Tsugitomi, Y.; Hara, H. Low-Dose Phosphodiesterase III Inhibitor Reduces the Vascular Amyloid Burden in Amyloid-β Protein Precursor Transgenic Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 2295. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072295
Yakushiji Y, Kawamoto K, Uchihashi K, Ihara M, Aoki S, Nagaishi Y, Suzuyama K, Tsugitomi Y, Hara H. Low-Dose Phosphodiesterase III Inhibitor Reduces the Vascular Amyloid Burden in Amyloid-β Protein Precursor Transgenic Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(7):2295. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072295
Chicago/Turabian StyleYakushiji, Yusuke, Kazuhiro Kawamoto, Kazuyoshi Uchihashi, Masafumi Ihara, Shigehisa Aoki, Yukiko Nagaishi, Kohei Suzuyama, Yumiko Tsugitomi, and Hideo Hara. 2020. "Low-Dose Phosphodiesterase III Inhibitor Reduces the Vascular Amyloid Burden in Amyloid-β Protein Precursor Transgenic Mice" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 7: 2295. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072295