The Role of Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) in the Epigenetic Regulation of Bone Metabolism and Osteoporosis
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Cellular Basis of Bone Metabolism and Osteoporosis
1.2. Diagnosis and Biomarkers of Osteoporosis
1.3. Drugs and Therapeutic Strategies for Osteoporosis Management
1.3.1. Anti-Resorptive Agents
1.3.2. Anabolic Agents
2. Epigenetic Regulation
2.1. miRNAs
2.2. Long Non-Coding RNAs (lncRNAs)
3. Extracellular Vesicles
4. Control of Bone Metabolism by Means of EVs
5. Epigenetic Detrimental Effects on Bone Metabolism by Means of EVs
5.1. Mesenchymal-Derived EVs
5.2. Immune Cell- and Osteoclast-Derived EVs
5.3. Endothelial-Derived EVs
5.4. Muscle-Derived EVs
6. The Other Side of the Coin: EVs as a Potential Clinical Tool for Osteoporosis
7. Conclusions and Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Donor | Mediator | Target | Effect | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Human bone marrow stromal cells | miR-885-5p | Human bone marrow stromal cells | Decrease in osteogenic ability suppressing runx2 and wnt5a | [114] |
Osteoblasts-like MC3T3 cells | miR-30d-5p, miR-133b, miR-140-3p | Bone marrow stromal cell line ST2 | Inhibition of osteoblast differentiation by runx2 suppression | [115] |
Dendritic cells, MC3T3 cells, patients’ serum | miR-146a | Osteoblasts, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells | Induction of cell growth arrest and senescence of osteogenic cells. Increase in RANKL/OPG ratio in osteoblasts. | [117,118,119,120] |
Adipocytes | miR-138, miR-30c, miR-125a, miR-125b, miR-31 | Mesenchymal stem cells | Suppression of osteocalcin and osteopontin levels | [123] |
Mononuclear cells, granulocytes | lncRNA JPX | Bone marrow stromal cells | Reduction in alpl, runx2, bglap | [124] |
Mast cells endothelial cells, | lncRNA MALAT 1 | Macrophages, osteoclasts | Repression of miR-124, inducing the overexpression of mmp9, ctsk, acp5, and car2 | [126,127] |
Osteoclasts | miR-214 | Osteoblasts | Inhibition of osteoblast function, sustaining of osteoporosis in OVX mouse model | [128] |
Endothelial cells | miR-31 | Mesenchymal stem cells | Inhibition of the osteogenic differentiation by suppression of Frizzled-3 | [137] |
Mouse myoblasts | miR-34a | Bone marrow stromal cells | Induction of Sirtuin 1 reduction and senescence in bone marrow stromal cells | [143] |
Myoblasts | Myostatin/miR-218 | Osteocytic cells Ocy454 | Decrease in osteocytic miR-218 leading to an increase in RANKL expression and decrease in SOST. | [147] |
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Muraca, M.; Cappariello, A. The Role of Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) in the Epigenetic Regulation of Bone Metabolism and Osteoporosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 8682. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228682
Muraca M, Cappariello A. The Role of Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) in the Epigenetic Regulation of Bone Metabolism and Osteoporosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(22):8682. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228682
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuraca, Maurizio, and Alfredo Cappariello. 2020. "The Role of Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) in the Epigenetic Regulation of Bone Metabolism and Osteoporosis" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 22: 8682. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228682
APA StyleMuraca, M., & Cappariello, A. (2020). The Role of Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) in the Epigenetic Regulation of Bone Metabolism and Osteoporosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(22), 8682. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228682