The Central Role of Cadherins in Gonad Development, Reproduction, and Fertility
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Cadherins—History and Function
3. Members of the Cadherin Superfamily
4. Cadherins and the Primordial Germ Cells (PGCs)
5. Cadherins and PGCs Migration
6. Cadherins in Gonad Development
7. Cadherins in Adult Testis
8. Cadherins in Adult Ovary
9. Cadherins in Gametes and Fertilization
10. Cadherins in Drosophila Gonad Development
11. Conclusions
- Which molecular mechanisms hide behind the requirement of cadherins, and other cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), for germ cells survival, and how do the cadherins prevent apoptosis of these cells?
- Is the properly executed adhesion between germ cells and somatic cells sufficient to prevent their apoptosis, or are the more complex cadherin-related signaling pathways involved?
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Family | Type | Examples |
---|---|---|
Classical cadherins (CDH)—contain at least five conservative cadherin repeats in ectodomain, bind actin microfilaments via catenins | Type I classical cadherins—contain HAV (His-Ala-Val) motif in the first extracellular repeat | 5 cadherins: E-, N-, P- R-, M-cadherin (CDH1, 2, 3, 4, 15) |
Type II classical cadherins—contain no HAV motif in the first extracellular repeat | 13 cadherins including e.g., VE-cadherin (CDH5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24) | |
7D cadherins—contain seven extracellular cadherin repeats and only a portion of the Ca2+-binding motif at the interface between cadherin repeats 2 and 3 | 2 cadherins: CDH16, CDH17 | |
Desmosomal cadherins—act as transmembrane proteins in desmosomes and bind intermediate filaments via desmoplakin | 3 desmocollins (DSC1-3) and 4 desmogleins (DSG1-4) | |
CELSR cadherins —Cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptors | 3 receptors: CELSR1,2,3 | |
Protocadherins (PCDH)—contain ectodomain comprising six or seven cadherin repeats, transmembrane domain, and distinct, protocadherin-specific cytoplasmic domain | Clustered protocadherins | 12 PCDHs, such as PCDH1, PCDH7 |
Non-clustered protocadherins | 64 PCDHs, such as PCDHA1, PCDHB1 | |
Related cadherins (CDHR)—comprise at least two consecutive typical cadherin motifs | — | 17 cadherins, such as CDHR1, FAT1-4, calsyntenins CLSTN1-3, RET |
CadherinType | Gene Symbol | Site of Expression |
---|---|---|
Type I cadherins | Cdh1 (E-cadherin) | germ cells in XX and XY gonads |
Cdh2 (N-cadherin) | high expression in XX and XY supporting cells, lower in interstitial/stromal cells | |
Cdh3 (P-cadherin) | expression in all gonadal cells, higher in XY supporting and XY germ cells | |
Type II cadherins | Cdh5 (VE-cadherin) | interstitial/stromal cells |
Cdh6 (K-cadherin) | interstitial/stromal cells | |
Cdh9 (T1-cadherin) | XX and XY supporting cells | |
Cdh10 (T2-cadherin) | interstitial/stromal cells | |
Cdh11 (OB-cadherin) | high expression in interstitial/stromal cell, lower in supporting cells | |
Cdh12 (N2-cadherin) | residual expression | |
Cdh13 | residual expression | |
Cdh18 | high expression in all gonadal cells | |
Cdh23 | residual expression, higher in XY supporting cells | |
Cdh24 | residual expression | |
Desmosomal cadherins | Dsg2 (desmoglein 2) | supporting and germ cells |
Dsc2 (desmocollin 2) | somatic gonadal cells, higher in supporting than interstitial/stromal cells | |
Clustered protocadherins | Pcdh1 | residual expression |
Pcdh7 | residual expression | |
Pcdh9 | germ cells | |
Pcdh11x | all studied gonadal somatic cells | |
Pcdh12 | residual expression | |
Pcdh17 | residual expression | |
Pcdh18 | high expression in gonadal somatic cells | |
Pcdh19 | residual expression | |
Non-clustered protocadherins | Pcdhb3 | residual expression |
Pcdhb16 | residual expression | |
Pcdhb17 | interstitial/stromal cells | |
Pcdhb18 | residual expression | |
Pcdhb19 | interstitial/stromal cells | |
Pcdhb20 | interstitial/stromal cells | |
Pcdhb21 | residual expression | |
Pcdhb22 | residual expression | |
Pcdhga12 | residual expression | |
Other cadherins | Celsr1 | residual expression |
Clstn1 | all studied gonadal cells | |
Dchs1 (Dachsous) | interstitial/stromal cells | |
Fat1 | all studied gonadal cells, higher in XY supporting cells, lower in XX supporting cells | |
Fat3 | interstitial/stromal cells | |
Fat4 | somatic gonadal cells, higher in XX supporting cells |
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Piprek, R.P.; Kloc, M.; Mizia, P.; Kubiak, J.Z. The Central Role of Cadherins in Gonad Development, Reproduction, and Fertility. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 8264. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218264
Piprek RP, Kloc M, Mizia P, Kubiak JZ. The Central Role of Cadherins in Gonad Development, Reproduction, and Fertility. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(21):8264. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218264
Chicago/Turabian StylePiprek, Rafał P., Malgorzata Kloc, Paulina Mizia, and Jacek Z. Kubiak. 2020. "The Central Role of Cadherins in Gonad Development, Reproduction, and Fertility" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21: 8264. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218264