An Earliest Endosymbiont, Wolbachia massiliensis sp. nov., Strain PL13 from the Bed Bug (Cimex hemipterus), Type Strain of a New Supergroup T
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Isolation, Culture, and Description of the Bacterium
2.2. Genome Sequencing, Annotation and Genomic Comparison
2.3. B-Vitamin Synthesis Patterns in the wChem PL13 and Other Wolbachia Genomes
2.4. Comparative Phylogenies and Placement of Wolbachia sp. Strain wChem PL13 in the Wolbachia T Supergroup
2.5. Description of Wolbachia massiliensis sp. nov.
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Source of the Bacterium, Inoculum Preparation and Isolation
4.2. Morphological Characterization and Scanning Electron Microscopy
4.3. Cell Co-Culture Standardization and Wolbachia Production
4.4. Purification of the Bacterium
4.5. Genome Sequencing and De Novo Assembly
4.6. Comparative Genomic Analyses and Annotation
4.7. B-Vitamins Biosynthesis Pathway
4.8. Comparative Phylogenies and Taxonomy
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Strain Information | wChem PL13 | wClec | wDmel | wPip | wFcan | wApol | wCfeJ | wBmal | wDimm | wPpe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Host type | Insects | Nematodes | ||||||||
Wolbachia host | C. hemipterus | C. lectularius | D. melanogaster | C. quinquefasciatus | F. candida | A. politus | C. felis | B. malayi | D. immitis | P. penetrans |
Supergroup | New supergroup “T” | F | A | B | E | S | Undescribed | D | C | L |
Genome features | ||||||||||
Accession Number | CP061738 | AP013028 | AE017196 | AM999887 | CP015510 | WQMQ00000000 | CP051157 | CP034333 | CP046578 | MJMG01000000 |
Total length (bp) | 1,291,339 | 1,250,060 | 1,267,782 | 1,482,455 | 1,801,626 | 1,445,964 | 1,201,647 | 1,080,064 | 920,122 | 975,127 |
No. of contigs | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 373 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 12 |
GC content (%) | 35.4 | 36.3 | 35.2 | 34.2 | 34.4 | 35.6 | 35.6 | 34.2 | 32.7 | 32.2 |
N50 | 1,291,339 | 1,250,060 | 1,267,782 | 1,482,455 | 1,801,626 | 5741 | 1,201,647 | 1,080,064 | 920,122 | 9,555 |
Gap ratio (%) | 0.326793 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.006746 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.13547 |
No. of CDSs | 1194 | 1226 | 1211 | 1395 | 1591 | 1546 | 1045 | 1017 | 709 | 939 |
No. of rRNA | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
No. of tRNA | 32 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 35 | 39 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 35 |
No. of CRISPRS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Coding ratio (%) | 78.5 | 77.3 | 81.6 | 84.4 | 86.9 | 66.1 | 82.3 | 70.1 | 70.7 | 84.8 |
Completeness (%) | 98.00 | 98.00 | 98.73 | 99.45 | 97.27 | 95.89 | 98.36 | 99.09 | 98.00 | 93.32 |
Contamination (%) | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.55 | 19.67 | 0.36 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.73 |
No. of prophage | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Strain | Wolbachia Host | Accession Number | DDH | Distance | Prob. DDH ≥ 70% | G + C Difference | Model C.I. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
wPpe | P. penetrans | MJMG01000000 | 19.8 | 0.2216 | 0 | 3.21 | [17.6–22.2%] |
Ctub | C. tuberocauda | CP046579 | 23 | 0.1901 | 0 | 3.09 | [20.7–25.5%] |
WCfelT | C. felis | CP051156 | 23.6 | 0.1853 | 0 | 0.19 | [21.3–26%] |
wFcan | F. candida | CP015510 | 24.1 | 0.1809 | 0.01 | 1.02 | [21.8–26.6%] |
wDimm | D. immitis | CP046578 | 24.8 | 0.1757 | 0.01 | 2.67 | [22.5–27.3%] |
wCmeg | C. megacephala | CP021120 | 27 | 0.1599 | 0.03 | 1.42 | [24.7–29.5%] |
wDcit | D. citri | CP051608 | 27 | 0.1604 | 0.03 | 1.38 | [24.6–29.4%] |
wPip | C. quinquefasciatus | AM999887 | 27.1 | 0.1598 | 0.03 | 1.18 | [24.7–29.5%] |
wCfeJ | C. felis | CP051157 | 27.8 | 0.155 | 0.04 | 0.2 | [25.4–30.3%] |
wBmal | B. malayi | CP034333 | 28.4 | 0.1512 | 0.05 | 1.19 | [26–30.9%] |
wDmel | D. melanogaster | AE017196 | 29.3 | 0.1462 | 0.08 | 0.14 | [26.9–31.8%] |
wClec | C. lectularius | AP013028 | 29.3 | 0.1462 | 0.08 | 0.88 | [26.9–31.8%] |
wApolK5 | A. politus | WQMQ00000000 | 30 | 0.1423 | 0.1 | 0.23 | [27.6–32.5%] |
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Laidoudi, Y.; Levasseur, A.; Medkour, H.; Maaloum, M.; Ben Khedher, M.; Sambou, M.; Bassene, H.; Davoust, B.; Fenollar, F.; Raoult, D.; et al. An Earliest Endosymbiont, Wolbachia massiliensis sp. nov., Strain PL13 from the Bed Bug (Cimex hemipterus), Type Strain of a New Supergroup T. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 8064. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218064
Laidoudi Y, Levasseur A, Medkour H, Maaloum M, Ben Khedher M, Sambou M, Bassene H, Davoust B, Fenollar F, Raoult D, et al. An Earliest Endosymbiont, Wolbachia massiliensis sp. nov., Strain PL13 from the Bed Bug (Cimex hemipterus), Type Strain of a New Supergroup T. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(21):8064. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218064
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaidoudi, Younes, Anthony Levasseur, Hacène Medkour, Mossaab Maaloum, Mariem Ben Khedher, Masse Sambou, Hubert Bassene, Bernard Davoust, Florence Fenollar, Didier Raoult, and et al. 2020. "An Earliest Endosymbiont, Wolbachia massiliensis sp. nov., Strain PL13 from the Bed Bug (Cimex hemipterus), Type Strain of a New Supergroup T" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21: 8064. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218064